Pressure Groups and Other Influences. 174 questions, nicely answered!

Q: Why have pressure groups become more important in recent decades?

Growth of significant new social movements such as animal rights and environmental issues. Growth of state impacts groups by increasing regulation. Constitutional reform enhances direct democracy. Decline of party support shifts focus to pressure groups. Advances in education and technology facilitate organization.

Q: What do policy implementation pluralists argue about the UK?

UK is a pluralist democracy Large numbers of groups influence policy Involves ministers and civil servants Benefits from their expertise and input

Q: Why has the growth of the state impacted pressure groups?

State regulating lives more leads groups to address these issues. Fragmentation of society increases specialized interests. Media attention is more easily garnered. Number of stakeholders grows with state size, influencing policy.

Q: What is a post-industrial and post-materialist society?

Post-industrial society : Shift from manufacturing to services. Post-materialist values focus : Environmentalism, human rights. Political identity aligns with these new concerns. Consumer choices reflect values beyond economic gains.

What led to the expansion of state power and the need for external expertise?

Expansion required due to managing economy.
New interests created and demands grew.
Expertise needed from outside to address demands.

Why have pressure groups become more important in recent decades?

Growth of significant new social movements such as animal rights and environmental issues.
Growth of state impacts groups by increasing regulation.
Constitutional reform enhances direct democracy.
Decline of party support shifts focus to pressure groups.
Advances in education and technology facilitate organization.

How have new social movements changed in terms of numbers and identity politics?

Growth in identity politics altered dynamics.
Movements shifted to include large numbers.
New causes attracted mass memberships.

What do policy implementation pluralists argue about the UK?

UK is a pluralist democracy
Large numbers of groups influence policy
Involves ministers and civil servants
Benefits from their expertise and input

Why has the growth of the state impacted pressure groups?

State regulating lives more leads groups to address these issues.
Fragmentation of society increases specialized interests.
Media attention is more easily garnered.
Number of stakeholders grows with state size, influencing policy.

What is pluralist theory, and how does it relate to pressure groups?

Power is widely dispersed among many groups in pluralist theory.
Large numbers of groups compete equally.
Open and fair competition between groups affects influence on governmental actions.

How does elite theory view pressure groups?

Reinforce existing political inequalities
Wealthy insider groups dominate
Middle-class activists have resources
Strengthen their existing advantages

What is a post-industrial and post-materialist society?

Post-industrial society: Shift from manufacturing to services.
Post-materialist values focus: Environmentalism, human rights.
Political identity aligns with these new concerns.
Consumer choices reflect values beyond economic gains.

How have formal participations and party structures impacted groups?

Created more opportunities for groups.
Especially beneficial for those with varied aims.
Bridging the left/right political divide.

What do people know about UK think tanks?

Less than 50% of the public can name a think tank.
Only 60% know what a think tank is; they can't name any.
More than 10% can name the Adam Smith Institute.

What is the "revolving door" in politics?

Ex-government officials join pressure groups.
Use insider knowledge, government contacts, and skills in lobbying.
Concerns about former officials using previous roles to lobby effectively.

What role do pressure groups play in UK democracy according to scrutiny and accountability?

Support limited government and liberal democracy
Engage in scrutiny through select committees
Check the power of government

How has the decline in support for political parties impacted pressure groups?

Decline in party loyalty: Voters seek direct action.
Alternative channels like pressure groups gain importance.
People participate in single-issue campaigns.
Membership and activism in groups become more appealing.

What significant changes did constitutional reforms bring?

Reforms enabled more lobbying.
Groups can challenge government opposition.
Increased avenues for pressure on policy.

Why have think tanks become popular in the UK?

Information and technology revolution diminished national governments' information monopoly.
Complexity and technical nature of policy programs increased.
Government size has grown.
There is a loss of confidence in government and elected officials.
Globalization influenced state and non-state actors.
Need for timely and concise information and analysis.
Despite claims of independence, often have political associations.

What influence do think tanks have on UK respondents?

35% identified Chatham House as the most influential.
48% of conservatives favored the Centre for Social Justice.
59% of Labour identified the IPPR for public policy research.

How do pressure groups create political inequality, according to elite theory?

Wealthy individuals dominate resources and influence.
Results in society becoming more elitist.
Encourages unequal power distribution, favoring those with financial resources.

What happens when minority groups become too influential?

Undermine national interest
Use of direct action
Results in tyranny of the minority
Interests of self-interested groups prevail

How have advances in education, technology, and media increased the impact of pressure groups?

Education enhances political awareness.
Technology enables efficient communication and organization.
Media coverage amplifies campaigns.
Internet and social media provide platforms for advocacy.

How has the decline of unifying political ideas affected unions and pressure groups?

Unions have significantly declined in influence.
More chances and opportunities for pressure groups.
Government retains final decision power on issues.

Who are the key policy influencers in the UK according to the document?

Political parties and politicians
Lobbying groups, voluntary organizations
Public opinion and public consultations
The media
Businesses and business leaders

How can pressure groups hinder government power?

Hinder democratic processes through threats.
Example: Unite union opposed Academies Bill.
Can block reforms, imposing their preferences over governmental agendas.

How have constitutional reforms increased the influence of pressure groups?

Decentralization creates more access points for groups.
Constitutional changes support direct democracy.
Groups gain legitimacy through increased political participation.
Empowered citizens are more likely to join advocacy efforts.

What central claims do think tanks make about themselves?

Possess specialist knowledge and expertise.
Maintain independence in their operations and research.

Why is functional representation important in elections?

Ensures minority groups have a voice.
Allows them to participate despite not being the majority.
Provides balance in election processes.

Why did Douglas Hurd describe pressure groups as "serpents that strangle efficient government"?

Threaten government’s ability to lead.
Focus on interests over broader societal needs.
Strangle efficient governance through excessive influence.

What is the 2014 "Gagging Law"?

Gagging Law restricts spending for campaigns during elections.
Focus on constituency spending limits for groups.
Significant impact on smaller groups' ability to campaign.
Criticized for limiting free speech in political advocacy.

Why is the functional representation provided by pressure groups important?

Plays a key role in democracy.
Allows representation of popular causes.
Offers expertise to government.
Enhances public participation beyond elections.

What is a possible negative impact of pressure groups?

May obstruct necessary reforms.
Overemphasis on issues can distract from national interest.
Results in hyperpluralism and gridlock.

How do think tanks impact policy?

Shape issues by analyzing data and opinions.
Design policy options for problems.
Compare options for benefits and feasibility.
Advocate for the best option.

What is the "tyranny of the minority"?

Small vocal groups dominate over majority’s needs.
Government may yield to these groups rather than broader views.
Impacts larger democratic processes and governance.

What factors determine the success of pressure groups?

Success varies for different pressure groups.
Factors include:
1. Aims: Are they achievable, salient, favorable, compatible with government aims?
2. Human Resources: Size and legitimacy of the group.
3. Financial Resources: Wealth to hire lobbyists, proximity to policymakers.
4. Status: Insider access to communities and networks.
5. Methods: Government reluctance to direct action.
6. Strength of Opposition: Strong opponents can counteract.

What is the issue with NIMBYism and hyperpluralism in pressure group representation?

NIMBYism protects local interests over wider issues.
Hyperpluralism creates numerous groups.
It complicates decision-making and policy implementation.

How do pressure groups influence political participation?

They increase broader participation opportunities.
Offer alternative engagement compared to formal political systems.
Encourage direct forms of democratic action.

How is think tank independence measured?

Organization discloses its income.
Financial details published online.
Named individual donors and donation amounts are publicized.

How does the electoral mandate won by the government affect scrutiny of pressure groups?

Governments failing to adhere to mandates enhance pressure group scrutiny.
Increased role for groups in political oversight.
Ensures accountability in governance.

Why can 'success' mean different things to different groups?

Reflecting government policy.
Gaining public awareness and sympathy.
Influencing temporarily or permanently.
Drawing attention to an issue.

Why is it important that people are able to participate in pressure groups?

Encourages civic engagement.
Increases political awareness.
Challenges traditional party politics.
Offers alternative ways to influence government.

What are some concerns about the democratic nature of groups?

Not always democratic internally.
Influence of secondary group members varies.
Some methods used are questionable.

How can the judiciary influence government actions?

Take legal action
Prove government actions undermine human rights
Ensure actions are consistent with law

Why does a pressure group's aim have such an impact on its chances of success?

Success depends on aims' alignment with government objectives.
If opposition arises, it's harder to achieve goals.
Insider status can facilitate access to decision-makers.

What is the internal democracy of many pressure groups like?

Often unrepresentative.
Leaders hold significant power.
Major decisions lack member input.
Donations often outweigh active participation.

How do pressure groups affect education on political issues?

Highlight overlooked issues by political parties.
Competition heightens argument strength.
Raises awareness and political engagement.

What role does lobbying play in influencing decisions?

Pressure groups with extensive expertise
Present evidence and arguments
Shape decisions effectively

How can pressure groups use the courts to achieve their aims?

Groups prove government behavior is not legally compliant.
Challenge unlawful actions, EU laws, or human rights violations.
Reference cases like the Human Rights Act (1998).

Why can financial resources give some groups an advantage?

More resources increase wealth, enabling campaigns.
Create media coverage.
Fund research, increase awareness.
Greater lobbying power.

What concerns arise about truth and education by groups?

Potential for misinformation.
Questionable reliability in educating participants.
Truth-telling is not always guaranteed.

How do prosecutors contribute to the legal process?

Ensure laws are properly enacted
Pressure groups can aid enforcement

What factors affect the strategies available to groups for access to political insiders?

Groups' strategies depend on resources.
Different access points to political insiders influence methods.
Approaches include lobbying executives, MPs, and peers.

How important is the existence of opposition from an organised organisation?

Increases difficulty for group success.
Effective opposition can challenge aims.
Support and competition can modify achievement chances.

What is the difference between primary and secondary pressure groups?

Primary groups represent interests and views.
Secondary groups provide services to members.
Example: Trade unions vs. Automobile Association.

What are the benefits of lobbying the executive branch?

Access to key decision-makers
Ability to influence policy changes directly
Build relationships with government officials
Easier to garner support for legislation
Quicker process than legislative lobbying

How do groups work with the executive to influence the political agenda?

Collaborate with ministers and advisory commissions.
Use issue networks to influence and set agendas.
Aim to shape bills and policies effectively.

How can groups use prosecutions to achieve their aims?

Legal action against perceived law violations.
Enact private or public prosecutions.
Civil or criminal cases, e.g., pollution violations.

Why are human resources also very important?

Large membership boosts legitimacy.
Skilled volunteers enhance influence.
Larger membership increases the group’s effectiveness.

How do pressure groups educate the public?

Raise awareness on issues.
Use media campaigns.
Provide statistics and facts.
Influence voter knowledge on overlooked topics.

What factors made the campaign successful?

Simple message: Extend free school meals.
Celebrity support: Engaging public figure.
Positive stereotype: Defied negative athlete stereotypes.
Significance: Issue of child hunger repugnant to many.
Social media: Effective Twitter use.
Organizational backing: Involved fair-share charity.
Circumstances: Focus during COVID crisis.

What are professional lobbyists?

Individuals influencing government policy
Work for organizations or groups
Often former politicians or civil servants
Use contacts to promote ideas
Skilled in navigating political systems

What role do professional lobbyists play in influencing legislation?

Professional lobbyists engage in consultations.
They respond to green and white papers.
Influence secondary legislation through strategic interventions.

What are supranational issues?

Issues that cross national borders.
Involve international trade, EU, or global agreements.
Require collective action beyond one nation.

How can public interest lobbying influence voters and representatives?

Use media campaigns
Encourage public awareness
Direct action to pressure representatives
Influence through public engagement

What are umbrella groups? What advantages do they have?

Represent many interests.
More significant membership.
Unified voice strengthens position.
Broader reach.

What does Marcus Rashford's campaign reveal about UK pressure groups' effectiveness and methods?

Marcus Rashford helped raise £20 million with FareShare to provide food during lockdown in 2020.
Successfully campaigned for free school meals during summer 2020.
Petition launched October 15, 2020, gained over 1 million signatures.
Government eventually funded a winter grant scheme over £4 million.

What is a government consultation?

Process to gather public input on policy
Involves stakeholders and experts
Improves decision-making
Offers transparency in government processes
Ensures diverse opinions considered

How do groups engage with parliament in their lobbying efforts?

Lobby individual MPs and peers.
Raise issues for debate and vote for or against bills.
Submit private members' bills to influence laws.

Why has lobbying the EU become more attractive in recent decades?

Lobbying EU: direct and effective.
EU law takes precedence.
Organizations gain influence in important policy areas.

Why can status have an impact on success?

Insider status provides information.
Insiders access more points.
Membership in policy communities increases influence.

How can the education provided by pressure groups be questioned?

Bias in selective exposure.
Reinforcing existing political views.
Lack of exposure to opposing arguments.
Potentially narrowing voter perspectives.

What are the key points about the junior doctors' dispute mentioned in the text?

Challenges concern service organization on weekends.
Access to senior doctors is a major issue.
The contract dispute is limited to England.
Scotland and Wales maintain existing contracts.
Northern Ireland undecided.
Less pressure in UK regions for seven-day services.
Wales focuses on weekend diagnostic services.

What category does Rashford's campaign fit into as a pressure group?

Initially not insider, now definitely insider.
Mixed methods: insider (government access) and outsider (public awareness).
Causal campaign: focuses on food poverty issue.

What is the difference between green and white papers?

Green Papers: Preliminary reports, invite discussion
White Papers: Finalized proposals, detail government decisions
Used to develop policies and laws
Green Papers more exploratory
White Papers more decisive

How is scrutiny used to evaluate government departments' policies?

Provide written evidence to committees.
Appear before select committees for evaluation.
Highlight where policies succeed or fail and suggest alternatives.

What changes were announced in the junior doctors' contract dispute?

A deal was announced after 1.5 weeks of talks.
Major contract changes included reduction in basic pay rise from 13.5% to 10-11%.
A different system for weekend work was agreed.
Dr. Johann Malawana put the contract to a vote; 58% rejected it.

What is the difference between a policy community and an issue network?

Policy Community: Closed and stable group
Issue Network: Open and flexible group
Policy Community includes government officials and experts
Issue Network includes diverse parties
Networks address broader range of topics

How do groups maintain relationships with political parties?

Develop long-term relationships.
Give donations to political parties.
Attend conferences to strengthen ties.

How and why do pressure groups use the media and social media?

Advertising or media stunts.
Rally public support for issues.
Highlight legality/content of actions; social media spreads message widely.

What is the career path of a junior doctor according to the information provided?

Medical student
Junior doctor foundation training
GP trainee
Hospital speciality trainee
Total years near 14

Why are weekend death rates a point of contention?

Weekend death rates are a major dispute issue.
Health secretary wants better care on weekends.
BMJ study: higher risk of death on Saturdays (10%) and Sundays (15%) compared to Wednesdays.
Doctors argue deaths are avoidable with more staff.
Weekend patients are sicker; researchers couldn’t fully account for this.

What is secondary legislation? Why might pressure groups be interested in it?

Rules made by authorities under primary legislation
Lack detailed scrutiny
Easier to influence change
Allows for specialization
Opportunities for pressure group impact

What is direct action? Why is it a tempting method for outsider groups?

Use of violent/non-violent methods outside official channels.
Legal/illegal activities like strikes, sit-ins.
Effective for groups without other avenues.

What caused the junior doctors' dispute?

Dispute began due to a new contract introduction.
2012: Ministers announced changes to terms from 1990s.
Talks broke down in 2014 and by 2015, Jeremy Hunt pushed for a seven-day service.
British Medical Association members overwhelmingly voted for a strike.

Does the junior doctor dispute only involve new doctors, and what is their starting salary?

Not limited to new doctors; involves those with over a decade of experience.
Starting salary just under £23,000.
Can exceed £30,000 with extra payments for unsociable hours.

What are ballot bills? Why do groups try to influence them?

Privately introduced bills by MPs
Chance for non-gov legislation
Selected by ballot
Rare opportunity for change
Pressure groups lobby for inclusion

How has e-democracy provided more opportunities for outsider groups?

Fast dissemination of information.
Challenges established political roles.
E-democracy promotes rapid action and mobilization.

What are some key factors contributing to XR's rapid growth?

XR's growth due to volunteers willing to risk arrest.
Effective use of police resources and public attention.
Mobilized around 3.5% of the population for demands.
Criticized for attracting mainly middle-class demographics.
Goals challenged by personal obligations and social movements' typical barriers.

What were the key developments in resolving the dispute?

Talks at conciliation services Acas couldn't secure a deal.
Ministers decided in February to impose the contract.
Saturdays included in normal working days without extra pay.
First time in NHS history, six strikes in four months.

What can junior doctors at the top of the scale earn, and what roles can they perform?

Earn in excess of £70,000.
Can lead teams, make life-and-death decisions, and perform surgery.
Second in seniority only to consultants.

Why do pressure groups work with select committees?

Direct influence on policy oversight
Opportunity to present evidence
Engage with policy experts
Increase visibility of issues
Regular scrutiny of government actions

What factors influence the success of pressure groups like XR?

Success depends on clear, focused goals.
Implementing policy changes is easier than proposing reforms.
Leaders' willingness to adopt neoliberal capitalism affects outcomes.

What historical inspirations have XR leaders cited for their methods?

Suffragettes and Martin Luther King.
US Civil Rights movement.
Gandhi and non-violent campaigns.
Inspired by Erica Chenoweth's studies on past movements.
Historical examples of successful non-violent civil disobedience.

How many junior doctors are there in England, and what is their representation in the workforce?

55,000 junior doctors in England.
Represent a third of the medical workforce.
BMA has over 40,000 members.

How and why do groups lobby political parties?

Build relationships with party figures
Influence party manifestos
Support election campaigns
Enhance visibility of issues within parties
Political alignment for future influence

What are XR’s three core demands and how successful have they been?

Tell the truth: Demand to declare a climate and ecological emergency.
- April 2019: UK Parliament declared a national emergency.
Act Now: Reduce greenhouse emissions to net zero by 2025.
- June 2019: Theresa May announced a net zero target by 2050.
Beyond Politics: Citizens’ Assembly for decision-making.
- June 2019: XR founders advocated, later supported by committees.

How do social movements like XR grow, and what challenges do they face?

Growth depends on informal networks and social advantages.
Leadership's focus on specific aims can see both challenges and growth.
Physical infrastructure can hinder adaptability and efficiency.

What challenges does XR face regarding public perception and support?

Seen as non-oppressed despite claims.
Public not considering XR as legitimate due to democratic values.
YouGov poll: Only 36% "strongly" support, 54% "strongly" or "somewhat" oppose.
Difficulty in reaching 3.5% mobilization target.

What is Extinction Rebellion (XR)?

XR is an international social movement.
Uses non-violent direct action.
Pressures governments on the "Climate and Ecological Emergency."
Originated from the RisingUp! campaign group in the UK.

How did Jeremy Corbyn and Theresa May contribute to XR’s demands?

Jeremy Corbyn supported declaring a national emergency in April 2019.
Theresa May announced a target to reduce emissions to net zero by 2050 on June 2019.

In what ways does public opinion affect XR’s actions?

Public opinion is crucial but not the sole influence on XR's impacts.
Environmental crises, such as wildfires and reports, heighten awareness.
Multinational actions and policy changes contribute positively.

What are the main obstacles in achieving XR's 2025 net-zero demand?

Requires radical reform beyond carbon-heavy industries.
Resistance due to lifestyle and economic impact fears.
Reluctance from public to bear costs.
Opposition from powerful vested interests and political alliances.

What are the two main strategies to categorize pressure groups in the UK?

By aims: Sectional groups protect members' interests. Cause groups promote public interest aims.
By status: Insider groups consult with the government. Outsider groups target media/public.

What are Extinction Rebellion's main demands?

Tell the Truth: Declare a climate emergency.
Act Now: Reduce greenhouse emissions to net zero by 2025.
Beyond Politics: Create decisions through a Citizens' Assembly.

What role did the Citizens’ Assembly play in XR's strategy?

Advocated by XR as a means for decision-making on ecological issues.
June 2019: Presented as the best means for ambitious targets.
Supported by six Select Committees for exploring net zero emissions target.

Why has XR's success been mixed, and what strategies have been used?

They use civil disobedience methods but also insider strategies.
Political collaboration can lead to legislative successes.
Building connections with politicians while maintaining opposition is pivotal.

What are the differences between sectional and cause groups?

Sectional groups aim to protect members' interests.
- Membership is exclusive (e.g., National Union of Teachers).
Cause groups promote issues benefiting others beyond members.
- Hard to distinguish due to overlapping aims.

How do insider and outsider groups differ in their influence approach?

Insider groups: Work inside the political system by consulting with government.
Outsider groups: Target media and public rather than government.

How did Extinction Rebellion (XR) start?

XR began on 31st August 2018 with a Declaration of Rebellion.
Gathered over 1,000 people at Trafalgar Square.
Protested against government corruption and climate threats.

What were the significant political responses to XR's demands by the UK parties in 2019?

Labour and Liberal Democrats included ambitious climate targets in their manifestos.
Green Party closely aligned with XR's net zero demand by 2030.

What tactics does the BMA employ to influence policy and public opinion?

The BMA uses a variety of tactics:
1. Conventional lobbying within government as an "insider group."
2. Confrontational methods, including strikes.
3. Public campaigns to impact policy and opinion.

What problem exists with categorizing pressure groups by their aims?

Overlap in aims: Both sectional and cause groups often share objectives.
Distinctions are difficult: Overlapping goals complicate clear categorization.

Can the status of pressure groups change?

Yes, a group's status is not fixed.
Change may depend on relations with government.
Groups may use both insider and outsider tactics.

What escalated XR protests in 2019?

9th March: 400 protesters at Downing Street.
1st April: Semi-naked activists disrupted Parliament.
15th April: 11-day demonstration in London with thousands attending.

How does goal clarity differ between BMA and Occupy London?

BMA: Specific and defined goals related to members' pay, conditions, and healthcare policy.
Occupy London: Broad, diffuse goals lacking specific, achievable policy demands.

How did Occupy use symbolic tactics, and what were the results?

Occupy's main tactic:
1. Occupying public spaces to draw attention.
2. Designed to critique systemic issues.
3. Resulted in negative perception and legal eviction, proving unsustainable.

What are the differences between insider and outsider groups?

Insider groups: Regular, effective government consultation.
Outsider groups: Lack government recognition and access.
Use different tactics to influence policy.

What is a characteristic difference between sectional and cause groups?

Sectional groups: Aim to protect specific members' interests.
Cause groups: Promote broader public interest objectives.

What were the major outcomes of XR's October 2019 demonstration?

1,828 arrests after a two-week protest.
30,000 participated.
Activities led to blockades and significant disruption.
Police controversially banned protests under the Public Order Act.

What was the public's acceptance of BMA compared to Occupy London?

BMA: High public support due to relevance to NHS concerns.
Occupy London: Mixed and declining; initial support was substantial but dropped significantly, reaching 66% backing eviction.

What are key strategies for pressure group organisers?

Key strategies include:
1. Define clear, attainable goals focused on specific aims.
2. Communicate effectively and demonstrate success.
3. Balance tactics with public perception.
4. Conduct regular assessments.

What are the three different types of insider groups?

Core insiders: High publicity, secure consultation.
Specialist insiders: Specific issues.
Peripheral insiders: Limited influence (broader issues).

What role did the BMA play in the campaign for a ban on smoking in cars carrying children?

The BMA advocated for a ban on smoking in cars with children.
Cited harm of passive smoking in confined spaces.
Published health risks and mobilized support.
Parliamentary success with Children and Families Bill.
Effective pressure-group politics example.

Describe the structure and organization differences between BMA and Occupy London.

BMA: Hierarchical, well-resourced, with clear leadership and funding through membership fees.
Occupy London: Anti-hierarchical, disorganised, with consensus-based model hindering decisive action.

Why is a clear organisational structure important for pressure groups?

Importance of clear structure:
1. Ensures long-term sustainability.
2. Provides leadership and decision-making processes.
3. Manages resources and coordinates campaigns effectively.

What are the three types of outsider groups?

Potential insiders: Aspiring for insider status.
Outsiders by necessity: Lacking needed knowledge.
Ideological outsiders: Differing views from government.

How can you support the aims of a social movement without formal affiliation?

Identify with a social movement.
Arrange your lifestyle to support its aims.
Unnecessary to join specific pressure groups or political parties.

Describe the objectives and challenges faced by the Occupy London movement.

Protested economic inequalities and corporate greed.
Focused on spending cuts and wealth distribution.
Faced legal action by local authorities.
Maintained a high-profile location near St Paul's Cathedral.
Objectives were diffuse and ultimately unmet.

How can pressure groups build broader alliances?

Building alliances involves:
1. Collaborating with diverse stakeholders, including trade unions.
2. Increasing influence and broadening appeal.
3. Occupy's lack of alliances limited its leverage.

What are the problems with categorizing pressure groups by their status?

Status changes over time: New governments alter participatory groups.
Overlap in tactics: Groups use both insider and outsider strategies.

What are pressure groups?

Groups of like-minded people.
Aim to influence government policy.
Focus on new legislation.

What role does public acceptability play in the success of pressure groups?

Role of public acceptability:
1. Vital asset for pressure group success.
2. Framing goals to resonate with public concerns boosts legitimacy.
3. Increases pressure on decision-makers.

What role do pressure groups play in politics?

Pressure groups: like-minded people influencing government.
Promote negotiation with authority.
Single-issue focus unlike political parties.
Use protests to influence.

How are pressure groups and political parties similar in the UK?

Both seek political change.
Have leaders.
Large membership base.
Share similar goals and interests.

What are the similarities between political parties and pressure groups?

Aim to make political changes.
Have leaders and large numbers of members or volunteers.
United by similar goals.

How do pressure groups and social movements differ?

Social movements: informal, individuals/organizations.
Broad, similar goals.
Often use direct action.
Radical at first; become organized as ideas gain popularity.

What are some areas of focus for feminist movement organizations?

Reproductive rights.
Equal pay.
Maternity leave.
Sexual harassment/violence.

How do think tanks and corporations often serve their interests?

Advance self-interested agendas over public good.
Influence policies benefiting themselves.
Example: Confederation of British Industry (CBI) lobbied against minimum wage, favoring corporate interests.

How are political parties and pressure groups different?

Pressure groups: Aim to influence government.
Large number of members.
Cannot be elected, often focus on specific issues.
Political parties can be elected to government and cover broad issues using manifestos.

What functions do pressure groups provide?

Functional representation.
Alternative to political participation.
Educate the public.
Raise awareness of political issues.
Influence parties, civil servants.
Facilitate accountability.

How do social movements often differ from political parties?

Seek significant or radical social changes.
May find working with political parties difficult.
Often favor protests and direct action.

What happens as a movement becomes more popular?

Might be co-opted.
Adopted by formal groups.
Supported by political parties.

How do group politics enhance democracy?

Promote pluralism and representation: Diverse voices prevent "tyranny of the majority."
Facilitate political participation: Pressure groups offer citizen engagement.
Provide expertise and information: Supply specialized knowledge to policymakers.
Hold government accountable: Scrutinize and publicize policies.
Represent underserved interests: Cater to minority groups, e.g., Muslim Council of Britain.

What is the impact of bias and misinformation by groups?

Distort or exaggerate findings for their cause.
Hinder democratic debate.
Impede pragmatic decision-making.

What are single-issue parties?

Pressure groups focused on one specific issue.
E.g., protection of animals.
Seek to be part of pressure groups but prefer election for greater influence and publicity.

What concerns are raised by the influence of corporations on the UK government?

Corporations: Influence on policy and party funding.
"Revolving door": Movement between politics and private sector.
Policy modification: Corporations lobby for favorable changes.
Tax compliance: Multinational tax practices are controversial.
Google case: Paid £130m in back taxes; figures deemed low.

In what ways do group politics undermine democracy?

Disproportionate influence of wealthy interests: Corporations influence policy outcomes due to resources.
Elitism and lack of accountability: "Revolving door" phenomenon between government and lobbying leads to accountability issues.

How can powerful groups affect public opinion in policymaking?

Influence policy despite opposing public opinion.
Example: UK’s participation in the Iraq war continued despite widespread protest.

What are social movements? How are they different from pressure groups?

Less formal organizations.
Membership can be broad.
Often aim for broader societal change than pressure groups.
United by shared goals.

What are lobbyists and their primary role?

Professionals seeking to influence government.
Access to lawmakers is vital for their purpose.
Aim to benefit their clients' interests.
Use insider knowledge and relationships.
Lobbying ensures public access to decision-makers.

How and why do the issues stressed by social movements change over time?

Often seek radical societal changes.
Use protests and direct action.
Gradual change sought through multiple fronts like political parties and interest groups.

What is a think tank and what role do they play?

Think tank: A body of experts offering solutions to economic, social, or political issues.
Serve as alternative sources of ideas.
Influence government policy (e.g., Centre for Social Justice).
Springboard for political careers.

What concerns exist regarding lobbying?

Potential undue influence on policy.
Revolving door between lobbyists and government.
Secrecy around meetings and interests.
Need for regulation to ensure transparency.
Media scrutiny highlights lobbying's negative perception.

What are some examples of left and right-wing movements?

Left-wing: Feminist movements, environmental movements.
Right-wing: Gay rights movements, various labor movements.
Center around social and economic reforms or traditional values.

What role do public pressure groups play in shaping the government agenda?

Public pressure groups focus on influencing public policy.
Mass media coverage can boost their influence.
Successful campaigns include anti-smoking and child protection laws.
Government listens mainly when pressured by many or media.

How do think tanks provide opportunities for political careers?

Serve as a starting point for political careers.
Example: David Milliband, who moved from a think tank to becoming a senior member in the New Labour government.

How is lobbying regulated to address concerns?

Lobbying register for transparency.
Legal requirements enforce registration.
Registration involves discussions with lawmakers.
Ensures public accountability and disclosure.
Aims to curb anonymous influence on decisions.

What are the main functions of pressure groups?

Representational: Advocate for particular interests.
Political: Provide platform for political engagement.
Participatory: Offer alternative political participation.
Educational: Raise public awareness and inform the public and government.

What factors influence the effectiveness of a pressure group's activities?

Size and Membership: Large membership boosts financial resources. Example: RSPCA employs 1,600 staff and many volunteers.
Leadership: Experienced leaders are crucial. RSPCA played a key role in hunting ban.
Tactics: Collaborating with other groups enhances success.
Political Access: Pressure on European Union has led to environmental success in the UK.

How do think tanks differ from other political influencers?

Think tanks consist of experts from various backgrounds.
They formulate reports and propose solutions to complex issues.
Influence spans both economic and political realms.
Contrast with pressure groups who focus on advocacy.

What is a lobbyist and when are they typically active?

Lobbyist: Paid by clients to influence government or parliament on their behalf.
Particularly active when legislation is being considered.

Why do some pressure groups have more influence than others?

Success varies for pressure groups.
Influence from publicity and media can sway government contracts.
Membership size affects influence.
Some use media, e.g., Fuel Protesters used mobile phones and blockades.
Government concessions depend on public opinion and economic impact.

What influence do insider contacts have on government attitudes?

Insider contacts provide valuable information to the government.
These contacts help shape policy by offering expert insights.
Their presence can lead to alliances with political figures.
Often bypass public campaigning methods of pressure groups.

What methods do pressure groups use to exercise influence?

Employ discreet methods like digital campaigns
Use publicity stunts or protests
Direct action (sometimes not peaceful)
Launch legal challenges
Influence public support or governmental response

What are outside groups in UK politics?

Outside groups are not consulted by the government.
They operate outside the political mainstream.
Aim to influence through demonstration, protest.
Example: Human Rights protesters.
Seek media attention to highlight causes.

How did the Black Lives Matter UK group demonstrate their protest methods?

Blocked runway at London City Airport (2016)
Protested airline emissions affecting polluted communities

What are the main characteristics of cause groups?

Focus on a single cause or set of issues.
Aim to raise awareness and influence government.
Examples: environmental awareness.
Membership not restricted to direct personal involvement.

How do inside groups operate?

Inside groups move from outside status if political circumstances change.
Gain status by pragmatic reasons.
Granted access to government resources.
Represented in decision-making.

How did students demonstrate against tuition fee increases in 2010?

Participated in demonstrations
Undertook direct action
Some protests resulted in public disorder
Actions aimed to pressure the government

How do pressure groups differ from political parties?

Pressure groups typically:
- Do not field their own candidates.
- Avoid exercising direct governmental power.
- Influence policy through persuasion.
- Focus on specific issues rather than broader policies.

How do social movements differ from cause groups?

Social movements aim for broad societal change.
Include many cause groups.
Politically radical and seek direct change.
Example: protests against Heathrow Airport expansion.

What legal measures do groups use against government policies?

Launching legal challenges
Target policies they oppose
Seek legal redress through courts

How do pressure groups' methods vary?

Methods are diverse and determined by resources and status.
Inside groups negotiate with Whitehall.
Outside groups operate publicly.
Engage in media, lobbying, and campaigns.
Example: Human Rights group Liberty.

What are the characteristics of pressure groups?

Characteristics include:
- Broad term covering local to national groups.
- Created for specific purposes.
- Use varied methods for influence.
- Aim to represent members’ interests.

How can pressure groups be categorized based on their relationship with the government?

Two main types: insider and outsider groups.
Insider groups work closely with the government.
Outsider groups lack direct government ties.
Insider groups often have non-controversial objectives.

How did the British Medical Association respond to the government in 2016?

Used strikes as direct action
Faced government resistance
Strikes occurred partially due to patient safety concerns
Initial success; further action called off later

What are the main types of pressure groups?

The three main types are:
1. Promotional groups
2. Interest groups
3. Professional groups
Focus ranges from campaigning to representing professional fields.

Pressure Groups and Other Influences

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