BOULDING IN PUBLIC POLICY: ALL RECEIVE
24 important questions on BOULDING IN PUBLIC POLICY: ALL RECEIVE
What is the approach to social welfare as indicated in the text?
- Setting a modest table for universal access
- A high table for the deserving individuals
- Being more generous and less conditional than other systems
- Aiming for broad inclusivity while recognizing varying needs.
What are the historical distinctions in welfare state provisions based on deservingness?
- Deserving groups: The old, sick, and disabled who receive more generous and less conditional social welfare.
- Less deserving groups: The able-bodied unemployed who don’t always receive the same level of welfare support.
- Welfare efforts exist to support all groups, including minimum income protection schemes to uphold a dignified living standard.
- General historical pattern remains consistent despite variations in policy across different countries and times.
How did poor laws differentiate between the deserving and undeserving poor?
- Deserving poor: The impotent poor (old, sick, disabled) received alms and care in charitable poorhouses or through outdoor relief.
- Undeserving poor: The able-bodied poor faced restrictions such as being sent to workhouses or banished from communities.
- This distinction influenced early welfare systems and persists in modern social welfare discussions.
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What historical events contributed to the establishment of modern welfare states?
- Chancellor Bismarck's introduction of social insurance in the German empire aimed at mitigating socialism's threat.
- Earlier European countries had already established public systems of poor relief before Bismarck.
- The distinction of deservingness continued through the introduction of various social insurance schemes over time.
How did the categories of deserving and undeserving poor influence social insurance development?
- Targeting of the old, sick, and disabled as priority groups for social insurance initiatives.
- Delayed introduction of unemployment insurance compared to social insurance for those deemed deserving.
- The ongoing relevance of the deservingness distinction witnessed throughout the evolution of welfare policies.
Who is the author of the book with ISBN 9781839101892?
When was the book downloaded from PubFactory?
What is the ISBN of the book associated with Tijs Laenen's work?
On what date was the document last modified?
What has been observed regarding social assistance for the elderly and disabled compared to the able-bodied unemployed?
- Elderly and disabled often receiving care before the unemployed
- Legitimacy is associated with those seen as deserving
- Unemployed often last to receive assistance
- Global trends show similar patterns, predominantly in the Global South
What types of indicators are used to measure welfare generosity in welfare state literature?
- Social expenditure
- Social rights
- Benefit recipiency
- Each indicator has unique strengths and weaknesses
- Indicators consistently suggest more generous support for the old, sick, and disabled
How do social expenditure patterns reflect on the generosity of welfare systems for different groups?
- Most countries allocate more resources to old-age pensions and healthcare
- Spending on unemployment benefits and social assistance is considerably less
- This finding holds true even when adjusting for structural needs
What is Esping-Andersen's de-commodification index and its significance?
- Old-age pensions provide the highest de-commodification.
- Sick pay ranks next, followed by unemployment benefits.
- Similar results were found by Scruggs and James.
How do different social assistance schemes compare in terms of benefit rates and means tests?
- Higher benefit rates than general social assistance.
- Less stringent means tests.
- This contrasts with schemes for able-bodied, working-age populations.
What are the criticisms of the social rights approach to welfare generosity?
- Assumes formal law reflects real policy practices.
- Indicates a discrepancy between paper reality and social reality.
- Leads researchers to explore benefit recipiency data for deeper understanding.
What does van Oorschot's analysis reveal about welfare benefits across different groups?
- Older-age benefits are typically the highest.
- Health-related benefits, including sick pay, come next.
- Unemployment benefits are lower than both categories.
- Social assistance benefits usually offer the least amounts.
What characterized the periods of welfare expansion and retrenchment?
- A 'golden age' of welfare expansion with near full employment.
- Followed by a 'silver age' marked by permanent austerity.
- Structural pressures such as chronic unemployment and population ageing emerged.
What is indicated by systematic studies on welfare retrenchment regarding the impacts on different demographics?
- Austerity measures have chiefly impacted the able-bodied unemployed.
- Old, sick, and disabled have experienced retrenchment but less severe.
- Unemployment benefits faced more cutbacks compared to old-age pensions.
- Studies by Green-Pedersen (2001, 2002) support this trend in Denmark and the Netherlands.
What is the significance of the date 10/10/2022 in relation to Tijs Laenen's work?
- Downloaded via free access
- Identifier shows it’s a unique publication
- Reflects accessibility for users
What does the term 'activation turn' signify in the context of welfare state history?
- Moving from passive social protection to active labour market participation.
- Transformation from a safety net offering income security to a trampoline towards (re-)employment.
- Recognition that activation has multiple forms, yet typically categorizes as 'enabling' or 'demanding' policies.
- Highlighting the focus predominantly on the able-bodied unemployed for policy implementation.
What are the two broad categories of activation policies according to scholarly agreement?
1. 'Enabling' activation:
- Focuses on enhancing human capital and employability.
- - Generally involves voluntary participation in public employment services and training programs.
- Enforces work-related obligations on benefit recipients.
- - Aims to push individuals towards prompt employment.
How has the focus of activation policies changed over the past decades?
- Increased focus on the able-bodied unemployed.
- Exponential rise in strictness of work-related obligations linked to benefits.
- Requirement to accept jobs below previous educational or pay levels.
- Documentation of job-seeking activities and compliance with various other obligations.
What recent trends have occurred in sickness and disability schemes regarding welfare conditionality?
- An increase in welfare conditionality in sickness and disability schemes.
- Notable alignment with unemployment and social assistance benefits.
- Recognition of the urgency in applying similar obligations in these schemes as seen with unemployment benefits.
What trends are being observed regarding activation policies and certain demographic groups?
- Activation policies increasingly target the sick and partially disabled.
- These groups are often exempt from demanding work obligations.
- The fully disabled and the elderly are generally excluded from activation policies.
- Retirement age raises or pension deferment can be seen as activation, but pensioners are not required to perform work.
- Arguments against work requirements for pensioners relate to their deservingness and past contributions.
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