Read the summary and the most important questions on 3.1 Lo; Democracy & Education. Empowering young people through Conflict and Conciliation

• 1 Abstract

• What are the pro's and con's about deliberative models of democratic education?

  Pro: they encourage the discussion of controversial issues in the classroom.
  Con: they tend to curtail conflicts for the sake of consensus.

• How can Agonism help?

  Agonism can help support the deliberative model by attending to antagonism in productive ways. (Lo uses Ruitenberg)

• How can agonistic deliberation help?

  It can help empower young people. 
  Its focus is on conflict. 
  It has the power to harness social frustrations into political action.

• This paper presents two classic classroom practies, which two?

  - SAC: Structured Academic Controversy
  - Debate

• 2 Introduction

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• What are the pros and cons of political tolerance?

  Pro: It is an important skill to acquire > it is the willingness to extend important and significant rights to people who are different from oneself.
  
  Con: It suggests commonality is more important than disagreements. 
  Deliberations as rationally engaging in dialogue around controversial issues, may subtly circumvent (omzeilen) antagonisms that naturally fuel the political.

• How can agonistic deliberation help empower students who feel marginalized by the status quo?

  With its emphasis on both conflict and deliberation, an agonistic deliberative model may expose students to inherent power stuggles that exist in pluralistic democracy.

• 3 The political in two Substantiations

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• What is a pluralistic democracy?

  A society governed by a diverse populace, whose comprehensive ideals of what it means to "live well" is often in contention with one another. It is within this pluralistic democracy that conflict, conciliation, and the political exists.

• The political is different from politics, how?

  Politics: processes, practices and discourses that seek to establish order in human existence.
  
  The political: consists of natural conflicts that arise from pluralistic society (Mouffe).
  This conflictual antagonism within human relationships is at the heart of the political.

• How does Agonism differ from antagonism?

  Agonism differs from conflictual antagonism in that it attempts to harness this conflict for productive ends.

• 3.1 The political as conflict

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• All things political will include the ultimate tension between friend and enemy accroding to Schmitt; which three ideas are crucial for this friend-enemy distinction?

  1) The distinction must be serious and severe: resulting in the possibility, not necessarily reality, of war and death of one's enemy.
  2) The political entity is by its very nature the decisive entity. 
  The political is not associational or cohesive, it exists only where the decisive, and therefore the divisive resides.
  3) The enemy is solely the public enemy, because everything that has a relationship to such a collectivity of men, particularly to a whole nation, becomes public by virtue of such a relationship.
  The public enemy Schmitt alluded to can never be the private adversary of one individual.