The Cold War in global context, 1945-1991 - Expanding the circle of conflict - Communism in China
8 important questions on The Cold War in global context, 1945-1991 - Expanding the circle of conflict - Communism in China
What did the defeat of Japan bring about?
- The defeat of Japan in August 1945 brought about the collapse of an enormous East Asian empire and created a dangerous power vacuum in a number of strategic areas.
- On the Korean peninsula, a temporary partition was organized between the two emerging superpowers, but elsewhere in the former Japanese empire there were rival claimants to postwar political power.
- The subsequent struggles to establish claims to political legitimacy inevitably became part of the nascent Cold War discord.
What happened in China?
What did Mao Zedong insist?
- In the rural areas along the coast, however, and subsequently in distant north-central China, an alternative movement under the leadership of Mao Zedong had won the support of increasing numbers of resistance fighters.
- As early as the 1920s Mao had insisted (in opposition to classical Marxist-Leninist theory) that the revolutionary potential and leadership capacity of the peasantry was enormous.
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How did the Russians think of Mao?
How did Mao do in terms of military success?
- The communists successfully cultivated the oppressed peasantry by working to lower rents and by attacking exploitative landlords. The results of this campaign to win the backing of rural workers were impressive.
- By 1945 Mao stood at the head of a communist (mostly peasant) army of over one million men.
- The communist People's Liberation Army (PLA) held enormous sweeps of territory across China, and Mao's continued call for fundamental land reform, something that the Nationalists had never taken seriously, translated into enormous political advantage for his movement.
When did Mao form the Communist People's Republic?
- By the spring of 1948 the Nationalists' military situation on the mainland had become untenable, and in 1949 Chiang withdrew to the island of Formosa (Taiwan).
- Within two years of this stunning military victory, achieved without the support of the USSR and against an American-armed opposition, Mao officially announced the formation of the Communist People's Republic of China.
What were the relations between Mao and Stalin like?
- Relations between Mao Zedong and Stalin were anything but cordial. Stalin's earlier support for the Nationalists was driven by his desire to prevent the formation of a unified and politically powerful China.
- Such a state, with three times the population of Russia, might pose a future challenge to Moscow's self-proclaimed leadership of the communist world.
- As late as 1948, Stalin was cautioning Mao against a final assault on Nationalist forces in the cities of South China, advice that was ignored by the Chinese communists.
What happened in the Treaty of Friendship? What consequences did it have?
- When Mao, desperate for foreign aid to begin the process of rebuilding China's shattered economy after almost 20 years of military conflict, arrived in Moscow in 1950 and signed a Treaty of Friendship with the USSR, the proponents of containment theory in the US lamented the "loss" of China was a significant defeat for the free world.
- But from the Chinese perspective, the unfavorable terms of the treaty with Russia (the Chinese were formed to recognize Mongolian independence under Soviet protection) did little to affirm the supposed solidarity of Marxist-Leninist states.
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