When borders do matter: international migration and identity - States and refugees - Europe's recent refugees

5 important questions on When borders do matter: international migration and identity - States and refugees - Europe's recent refugees

How is the modern nation-state conceived?

The modern nation-state was conceived as an entity that would transcend ethnic and religious differences, and to a large degree this Enlightenment ideal had triumphed in the developed West, allowing the formation of states where allegiance to a set of political principles facilitated the union of peoples who embraced different faith perspectives and cultural traditions.

What happened after World War I in terms of modern nation-state forming?

Some attempts at multiethnic and religious nation-building after World War I proved in the end to be untenable, and in one case the failure of state formation to erase centuries-old antagonism led in the 1990s to Europe's largest refugee problem since the end of World War II.

What does Yugoslavia consist of?

  • The Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes emerged out of the deliberations of the Versailles Peace Conference in 1919.
  • Renamed Yugoslavia in 1929 in order to better reflect the fact that this Balkan state also included Montenegrins, Albanians, Macedonians, and Bosnians, the country's numerous ethnic minorities continued to quarrel among themselves, with the Orthodox Christian Serbs claiming a leadership role over the Roman Catholic Croats and Slovenes and the Muslim inhabitants of Bosnia-Hercegovina. 
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What did Tito encourage? What happened after his death?

  • Tito encouraged internal labor migration, and this resulted in a significant level of residential mixing among the country's various ethnic groups.
  • The formula succeeded as long as Tito was alive, but after his death in 1980 the old rivalries resurfaced. The 1991 collapse of the USSR heartened all those in Yugoslavia who wished to dissolve the federation into respective parts.

What were the Dayton Accords about?

The Dayton Accords guaranteed the right of all refugees to return to their homes, but less than one-fifth felt confident enough to do so.

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