Moral Reasoning - Valid Argument Forms

8 important questions on Moral Reasoning - Valid Argument Forms

What is the form of a modus ponens?

1. If P, then Q.
2. P.
Therefor,
3. Q.
Explanation: if premises (P) 1 and 2 are true, the conclusion (Q; 3) must also be true.

What is the difference between sound and unsound premises?

A sounds premises is a valid argument. An unsound premises, is an invalid argument.

What is Modus Pones?

This a argument form.
  1. If P, then Q
  2. P.
Therefore,
  1. Q. 


Voorbeeld:
  1. If humans have rights, then you have rights.
  2. Humans have rights.

Therefore,
  1. You have rights.
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What are the 2 parts of a condition?

  1. IF; Antecedent (That which comes before)
  2. THEN; Consequent (That which comes after)

What is the hypothetical syllogism?

This is an argument form.
  1. If P, then Q
  2. If Q, then R
Therefore,
  1. If P, then R.

Its antecedent guarantees its consequent. So, in the first premise, P guarantees Q. In the second premise Q guarantees R.

What parts does a modus ponens reasoning contain?

It is a conditional: it contains an antecedent (if) and a consequent (then), where the if-part is a guarantee for the then-part.

What is the form of a modus tollens?

1. If P, then Q.
2. Q is false.
Therefore
3. P is false.
Explanation: the consequent is a necessary condition of its antecedent. P is true only if Q is true.

What is a hypothetical syllogism and what is its form?

A hypothetical syllogism is a third type of argument whose instances are always valid. It's form is:
1. If P, then Q.
2. If Q, then R.
Therefor
3. If P, then R.
Explanation: a hypothetical syllogism basically represents a chain of guarantees, with the initial hypothesis guaranteeing the last link in the chain of conditionals.

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