Read the summary and the most important questions on Abnormality and Health

• 1 Abnormality and Health

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• Describe stressors (studies)

  Holmes & Rahe: measure stress, 400 people, rate how stressful they were and what had happened before they were ill, 43 life changes, LCU score, SRRS, 2 664 US navy personnel, weak postitive correlation between LCU scores and illness. 
  Delongis et al: 100 middle aged, questionnaires on hassles, uplifts, life events, health status, only correlation between duration, frequency, intensity of daily hassles and overall health status.

• Discuss physiological, psychological and social aspects of stress

  Physiological response: Hans Seyle, rats, Kiecolt-Glazer.  
  Psychological response: Lazarus and Folkman Transactional Model of Stress and Coping, transaction between person and world, primary/secondary appraisal. 
  Speisman et al: video of a tribal initiation ceremony involving genetic mutilation, trauma/denial/intellectualisation soundtrack, measures of stress/self-reports.
  Different stress paradigms: FOF, tend-and-befriend (women and collectivistic cultures).

• Strategies for coping with stress (definition)

  Problem or emotion-focused. Social support manifested as emotional, informational or practical. Having a network of social relationships has shown to help to create a sense of belonging, of security and self-worth.

• Evaluate strategies for coping with stress (social support + MBSR)

  Taylor: meta-analyis, women draw on socially supportive networks. 
  Wenzelberg et al: women diagnosed with breast cancer, Web-based social support group, not told aim, moderately effective in reducing scores on perceived stress and depression.
  Allen et al: New Yorkers, high blood pressure, hypertension tensions drugs (plus pet), blood pressure, stress test.
   Shapiro et al: premed students, course or intervention, fill in questionnaire assessing stress, experimental group were less anxious at start of exam/expressed less stress.

• Health promotion (models)

  Health Belief Model: Assumes that people make rational decisions on health-related behaviour and so are ready to change if they believe they are vulnerable (perceived vulnerability), believe the threat has serious consequences (perceived severity), believe the costs (perceived barriers) of taking action are outweighed by the benefits (perceived benefits), are confident that they are able to successfully take action (self-efficacy), also affected by cues of action and demographic, social, psychological and structural variables. 
  Stages of Change Model: individual cognitions can affect behaviour, useful tool for predicting successful outcome of smoking cessation interventions.

• Examine models of theories of health promotion (studies)

  Quist-Paulsen: heart patients in Norwegian, only counselling sessions, some also personal advice/material showing benefits and risks/nicotine replacement offered/nurse called/consultations. 
  Prochaska et al: 1 446 EA females heavy smokers, questionnaires, follow-ups,  categorized, preparation group smoked less/less addicted/higher self-efficacy/rated costs higher/had experienced more stopping attempts.

• Explain factors related to the development of substance abuse and addictive behaviour

  Unger et al: Californian adolescents, white students more likely than non-white, friends who smoke, in individualistic cultures adolescents typically create their own youth culture characterized by rebellion. 
  Biglan et al: 70% of cigarettes with friends
  DiFranza et al: longitudinal, 217 adolescents, questionnaires and some interviews, tobacco dependence assessed, 67% of those who experienced relaxation effect after first inhale became dependent.

• Treatments for substance abuse (definition)

  NRT products (gum,patches, nasal spray) contain low levels of nicotine, relieve withdrawal symptoms, control cravings, don't produce pleasurable effect, some get addicted to gum.
  Drug Zyban acts on sites in the brain affected by nicotine, relieves withdrawal symptoms, block effects of nicotine if relapse.  
  MBSR.

• Examine treatments for substance abuse/addictive behaviour (studies)

  Bullen et al: smoked 10 per day, hand't smoked overnight, cigarette/nicotine inhaler or electronic cigarette (placebo or not), EC produced same decline but with fewer side-effects, even simulation can reduce cravings (not just nicotine, way of life).
  Jorenby et al: nicotine patch/zyban/combined/placebo, Zyban and combine much more effective. 
  Davis et al: heavy long-time smokers, attempted smoking cessation after 7 weeks of MBSR, 6 weeks later more than have had stopped, positive correlation between compliance with meditation, smoking cessation and low levels of stress.

• Discuss factors related to obesity (studies)

  Stunkard et al: twins reared apart, compared BMI, accounted for 66-70% of variance in body weight.
  Ravussin et al: measured weight and metabolic rate of Pima Indians for 4 years.
  Lakdawalla and Philipson: Pacific islanders have become some of the fattest, modernization of their islands, replaced traditional food with processed food high in fat and sugar.
  Herman and Mack: given high/low calorie preload, measured food consumption.