Understanding the basics of financial reporting

77 important questions on Understanding the basics of financial reporting

What is the historical cost principle?

Assets are recorded at their original purchase cost

What is the fair value principle?

Assets and liabilities are reported at current market value

When is fair value mainly used?

For actively traded assets (e.g. Investement securities)
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What is the monetary unit assumption?

Only transaction that can be measured in money are recorded

What information is excluded under the monetary unit assumption?

Non-measurable items like employee morale or service quality

What is the economic entity assumption?

The business is separate from the owner's personal activities

What is the basic accounting equation?

Assets = liabilities + equity

What is residual equity?

Equity left after creditors' claims are satisfied

What is share capital (ordinary)?

Amount paid by shareholders for ordinary shares

What are retained earnings?

Profits kept in the business after expenses and dividends

What increases equity?

Revenues and investments by shareholders

What decreases equity?

Expenses and dividends

What is an external transaction?

A transaction between the business and outside equation

What is an internal transaction?

A transaction that occurs within the company

What is the dual effect of transactions?

Every transaction affects at least 2 elements of the accounting equation

If an assets increases, what must also change

- another assets decreases
- a liability increases
equity increases

What is the expended accounting equation?

- assets = liabilities +share capital + retained earnings
- retained earnings = revenues - expenses - dividends

When does share capital change?

When the company issues new ordinary shares for cash

When do retained earnings change?

When do the company earns revenue, incurs expenses or pays dividends.

What happens when shareholders invest cash in the business?

Assets increase (cash) and equity increases (share capital)

What happens when supplies are purchased on credit?

- one asset decreases (cash) and another asset increases (equipment)
- total assets unchanged

What happens when supplies are purchased on credit?

Assets increase (supplies) and liabilities increase (accounts payable)

What happens when services arre performed for cash?

Assets increase (cash) and equity increases (revenue)

What happens when advertising is purchased on credit?

Liabilities increase and equity decreases (expense)

What happens when services are performed for cash and credit?

Assets increase (cash + accounts receivable) and equity increases (revenue)

What happens when expenses are paid in cash?

Assets decrease (cash) and equity decreases (expenses)

Does paying a liability later affect equity?

No. It only decreases cash and account payable (equity already affected earlier)

Does collecting accounts receivable affect equity?

No. It only increase cash and decreases account receivable

What happens when dividends are paid?

Assets decrease (cash) and equity decreases (dividends)

What must be analysed for each transaction?

1. The 3 components (A, L, E,)
2. The specific accounts affected

What must always remain true after every transaction?

Assets = liabilities + equity

What explains every change in equity?

Share capital and retained earnings columns

What is the income statement?

Shows revenues, expenses and net income or net loss for a period of time

What is the retained earnings statement?

Shows changes in retained earnings during a period of time

What is the statement of financial position (balance sheet)?

Shows assets, liabilities and equity at a specific date

What is the statement of cash flows?

Shows cash inflows and outflows during a period of time

What is the comprehensive income statement?

Shows net income plus other comprehensive income items

Where does net income go after the income statement?

It is added to the retained earnings statement

Where is ending retained earnings reported?

On the statement of financial position under equity

Where is ending cash reported?

On both the statement of financial position and the statement of cash flows

What does the income statement measure?

The profitability of the company over a period

What happens when revenues exceed expenses?

Net income results

What happens when expenses exceed revenues?

Net loss results

Are dividends included in the income statement?

No. Dividends reduce retained earning, not net income

What appears first in a retained earnings statement?

Beginning retained earnings

What changes retained earnings?

Net income increases it; dividends decrease it

What is the last line of the retained earnings statement?

Ending retained earnings

What does the statement of financial position show?

Assets, liabilities and equity at a specific date

What rule must always be true on the balance sheet?

Total assets = total liabilities + total equity

How are liabilities normally presented?

Listed by type (e.g. Accounts payable, notes payable, salaries payable)

What 3 main activities are shown in the cash flow statement?

1. Operating activities
2. Investing activities
3. Financing activities

What is the comprehensive income?

Net income + other comprehensive income

When is a comprehensive income statement required?

When the company has other comprehensive income items

Can income statement and comprehensive income statement be combined?

Yes into a single statement of comprehensive income

Why has demand for accountants increased in recent years?

Due to financial scandals, stronger internal controls, and higher need for transparency

What is public accounting?

Providing accountipgservices to the public

What is the role of a CPA or CA in auditing?

To issue an audit opinion on the accuracy of financial statements

What is taxation in public accounting?

Tax planning, tax returns and representing clients before tax authorities

What is private accounting?

Working as an employee inside a company

What is governmental accounting?

Accounting job in public agencies and government bodies

What is forensic accounting?

Using accounting and auditing skills to investigate fraud and theft

What are the 3 parts of an account?

Title - debit (left) - credit (right)

What is a debit balance?

When total debits > total debits

What is a credit balance?

When total credits > total debits

How do liabilities decrease?

By a debit

What increases equity?

Shareholder's investments and revenues

What decrease equity?

expenses and dividends

How does share capital decrease?

By a debit

What are retained earnings?

Net income kept in the business

What is the effect of revenues on equity?

They increase equity

What is the effect of expenses on equity?

They decrease equity

Where are revenues and expenses reported?

On the income statement

Where are dividends reported?

On the retained earning statement

Where is equity reported?

On the statement of financial position (balance sheet)

What is the expanded equation?

- assets = liabilities + share capital + retained earnings
- retained earnings = revenues - expenses - dividends

What is a compound entry?

An entry with more than 2 accounts

What is a trial balance?

A list of all accounts and their balances at a specific data

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