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• 2 . Defining breeding goal and basic steps in setting up a breeding program

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• Stap 5 BP: Selection and mating. Wat is hier belangrijk om te weten?

  Selectie bepaalt je genetische vooruitgang
  Mating does NOT affect genetic improvement

• 8 belangrijke begrippen

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• Setting up a breeding program

  1. Definition of production system
  2. Definition of breeding goal
  3. Collection of information
  4. Determining selection criteria
  5. Selection and mating
  6. Dissemination
  7. Evaluation

• Characteristics breeding goal

  1. Often consists of a combination of traits
     
  2. should ideally summarize all traits in a single criterion
  3. contains breeding values
  4. contains values to weight the triats
  5. should aim at the future
  6. contain economic and non-economic weights

  
  
  should consists of:
  - definition of the trait
  - desired direction

• Genetic diversity can be measured by

  1. The number of alleles in a population -> the more alleles, the larger the genetic diversity
     
  2. the frequency of those alleles -> the more equal, the larger the diversity. 

• Gain in genetic diversity

  1. Mutations -> A dominant mutation often results in mortality of the embryo
     
  2. immigration

• Rate of inbreeding gives an indication of

  - the risk of inbreeding depression
  - the decrease in genetic diversity and room for adaptive capacity of the animals in response to an environmental change
  - maximum level is 1

• Additive genetic relationship

  - reflects what proportion of the DNA two animals share because they have common ancestors
   - estimated using
  

  1. pedigrees
  2. genomic information (SNP markers)   

• Acceptable rate of inbreeding

  - keep the rate of inbreeding below 1%, perferably below 0.5%
  - 1% means that homozygosity will increase with 1% per generation

• Epistatic effects (I)

  - there are genes interacting with each other
  - one gene needs the products of another gene to come to expression resulting in gene-pathways

• Dominance effect (D)

  - indicate the sum of dominance effects per gene
  - the expression of the gene itself depends on the allele combination of that gene 
  - two recessive genes will result in a different expression than one recessive and one dominant