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WHAP Exam Review

19 important questions on WHAP Exam Review

What were Henry VIII's reasons for the creation of the Church of England?

King Henry VIII created the Church of England primarily because he desperately needed a male heir to secure the throne and prevent a civil war. When the Pope refused to grant him an annulment to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, Henry chose to defy the Catholic Church. By passing the Act of Supremacy in 1534, Henry declared himself the Supreme Head of the new church, gaining the power to annul his own marriage and establish full sovereignty over England.

What was the demand for female slaves in Africa due to the transatlantic trade?

The demand for female slaves grew significantly within African societies to provide labor and status. Owning these slaves, particularly by nobles and warriors, became a vital way to show wealth and social status, and female slaves sustained the plantations and lifestyles of the African elite.

What was the purpose of the Council of Trent?

The Council of Trent (1545–1563) was a long meeting where the Catholic Church gave its final, clear answers to the Protestant challenges, firmly rejecting the idea that people are saved by faith alone. It strongly confirmed the Pope's authority and all seven sacraments, while also setting new rules to stop corruption, like the selling of church offices. This council successfully cleaned up the Church's internal problems and clearly defined the Catholic faith for the next few centuries.

How did the Islamic slave trade differ from the later Atlantic trade?

The Islamic slave trade preferred female slaves for domestic work and sometimes allowed slaves to be assimilated or even achieve high political status. It differed greatly from the later Atlantic trade, which was centered on male labor for plantation agriculture and established a hereditary, racialized form of slavery.

What were the policies of Louis XIV?

Louis XIV's rule was based on absolutism, meaning he believed his power came from God and that he was the single ruler of France. He used huge, expensive public shows, like parades and parties, to impress his people and to make sure the nobles stayed loyal to him. By using the sun as his symbol, Louis made himself look like a grand, powerful king who was meant to control France and expand its power across the world.

Explain the motivations for European exploration.

Gold, God, and Glory

How did Spanish colonization differ from English/Dutch colonization?

They differed in their motivation, governance, treatment of indigenous people, and economic systems. The Spanish were motivated by the three gs God, Glory, and Gold, The English / Dutch focused on economic enterprise and religious freedom.

What was the Triangular Trade?

The Triangular Trade was a complex network of transatlantic sea routes connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas from the 16th to the 19th centuries. It operated in a three-leg cycle: European manufactured goods were shipped to Africa, exchanged for enslaved people, who were then transported to the Americas to work on plantations, and finally, valuable raw materials were shipped back to Europe.

What was the rural labor and putting out system?

The putting-out system involved a merchant giving raw materials like wool to rural laborers who would complete manufacturing tasks in their own homes. This system allowed merchants to avoid expensive urban guilds and harness cheap, flexible peasant labor, particularly during agricultural slow seasons. By providing supplementary income and decentralized production, the putting-out system served as a key transitional stage before the rise of mechanized factories.

Describe the technological advances that permitted trans-oceanic voyages.

Technological advances in navigation tools, ship design, and an improved understanding of oceanic conditions (These innovations were often the result of cross-cultural interactions).

What were the social and political impacts of the Atlantic slave trade?

The Atlantic slave trade caused economic stagnation and social disruption in Africa, slowing population growth and failing to stimulate productive investment. It fostered moral corruption and intense insecurity, causing some kingdoms to disintegrate and others to centralize their power based on annual slave raiding.

What were the reasons for Portuguese dominance, and later decline, in the Indian Ocean?

Lots of internal conflict, competition with the English and Dutch, and weak successors.

What were the labor systems mentioned?

Slavery, the encomienda system, mita system, hacienda system.

Why did Martin Luther start the Reformation in 1517?

Martin Luther started the Reformation in 1517 by questioning the Catholic Church's power and problems, like selling forgiveness for sins, because he believed people are saved by faith alone and not goods.

Describe how the English and Dutch were to expand their influence in world trade.

Joint stock companies, colonization, and naval powers were helping expand their influence in world trade.

What was the Songhay Empire?

Major Islamic state of West Africa that formed in the second half of the 15th century.

What were the short and long term effects of the Columbian Exchange?

Short term effects were the population decrease of the natives, and vulnerability of diseases. Long term effects were the transfer of crops and livestock.

What was the Kingdom of Kongo?

The Kingdom of Kongo was one of the many political systems in Africa during the fifteenth century, specifically classified as a "smaller kingdom."

In what ways did European arrival change the societies of the New World?

There was a new social hierarchy thanks to the Conquistadors called the Casta system, which had made native americans work as they were not on top of their own land anymore. The Encomienda system, too, in which conquistadors had control over native peoples.

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AP World History

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WHAP Exam Review

19 important questions on WHAP Exam Review

What were Henry VIII's reasons for the creation of the Church of England?

What was the demand for female slaves in Africa due to the transatlantic trade?

What was the purpose of the Council of Trent?

How did the Islamic slave trade differ from the later Atlantic trade?

What were the policies of Louis XIV?

Explain the motivations for European exploration.

How did Spanish colonization differ from English/Dutch colonization?

What was the Triangular Trade?

What was the rural labor and putting out system?

Describe the technological advances that permitted trans-oceanic voyages.

What were the social and political impacts of the Atlantic slave trade?

What were the reasons for Portuguese dominance, and later decline, in the Indian Ocean?

What were the labor systems mentioned?

Why did Martin Luther start the Reformation in 1517?

Describe how the English and Dutch were to expand their influence in world trade.

What was the Songhay Empire?

What were the short and long term effects of the Columbian Exchange?

What was the Kingdom of Kongo?

In what ways did European arrival change the societies of the New World?

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