Summary: Aqa Physics | 9780198351870 | Breithaupt
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13 Direct current circuits
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How is the potential difference calculated for series components?
- Total pd = sum of pds across each component.
- In Figure 3: V0 = V1 + V2 + V3.
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What rule applies to potential difference in parallel circuits?
- Pd across components in parallel = the same.
- Example: each gets 4V if the total is 8V.
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What are the rules for potential differences in circuits?
- Series: Total pd = sum across components.
- Parallel: Pd is equal across components.
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How do you calculate the total resistance \( R \) for resistors in parallel?
- Use the formula:
- 1 / R = 1 / R1 + 1 / R2 + 1 / R3 + ...
- Cancellation leads to specific equations.
- Use the formula:
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What does the loop rule state about emf and potential drops?
- Sum of emfs equals sum of potential drops.
- Follows from conservation of energy.
- Considers both variable resistor and light bulb.
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What is internal resistance?
- Opposes electron flow in a source.
- Causes energy dissipation.
- Difference between emf and terminal pd.
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What is resistance heating?
- Occurs due to resistance in components.
- Charge carriers lose energy in collisions.
- Results in heating due to potential difference (p.d.).
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What is the hint regarding sources of emf?
- Sources have some internal resistance.
- Neglected if internal resistance is trivial.
- Significant for negligible sources.
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What is the total resistance of a circuit with a 12V battery and 1.5Ω internal resistance connected to 4.5Ω resistor?
- Total resistance = internal + external resistance
- 1.5Ω (internal) + 4.5Ω = 6Ω
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How is the electromotive force (emf) defined?
- Energy per
unit charge . - Produced by a source.
Formula:
ε = E / Q
- Energy per
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