Biology II Quiz
17 important questions on Biology II Quiz
Compare reproductive systems using internal and external fertilization on the basis of the relative number of zygotes and protection of the embryos.
- Internal fertilization: Fewer zygotes, better protection for embryos.
- External fertilization: More zygotes, less protection for embryos.
Describe human oogenesis.
Development of mature ova
- Has a long resting period
Describe spermatogenesis and the structure and function of mature sperm.
Mature sperm has three main parts:
- Head: Contains nucleus and acrosome for fertilization.
- Midpiece: Packed with mitochondria for energy.
- Tail: A flagellum for movement.
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Describe three major differences between oogenesis and spermatogenesis.
- During meiotic divisions, cytokinesis is unequal, with almost all of the cytoplasm in one daughter cell, the secondary oocyte
- Unlike sperm, eggs are not produced continuously throughout life
- Oogenesis has long "resting" periods, whereas sperm are produced in uninterrupted sequence
Distinguish between anatomy and physiology. Explain how functional anatomy relates to these terms.
Physiology -study of the functions an organism performs
Explain how physical laws constrain animal form.
- Ability to perform certain actions depend on an animal's shape and size
- Evolutionary convergence reflects different species' adaptation to a similar environmental change
Explain how the size and shape of an animal’s body affect its interactions with the environment
Distinguish among collagenous fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers.
- Collagenous fibers: Provide strength and support.
- Elastic fibers: Allow stretching and recoil.
- Reticular fibers: Form frameworks in soft tissues.
Know the 4 general types of tissue (not the specifics)
Connective - Mainly binds and supports other tissues
Muscle - Consists of long cells called muscle fibers, which contract in response to nerve signals
Nervous - Senses stimuli and transmits signals throughout the animal
Connective tissue
i. Loose connective tissue
ii. Adipose tissue
iii. Fibrous connective tissue
iv. Cartilage
v. Bone
vi. Blood
- Loose connective tissue: Provides support and storage of nutrients.
- Adipose tissue: Stores energy and insulates the body.
- Fibrous connective tissue: Offers strength and support, found in tendons and ligaments.
- Cartilage: Provides flexible support in joints and structures.
- Bone: Supports and protects internal organs; stores calcium.
- Blood: Transports nutrients, gases, and waste throughout the body.
Muscle tissue
i. Skeletal (striated) muscle
ii. Cardiac muscle
iii. Smooth muscle
- Skeletal (striated) muscle: Voluntary and attached to bones.
- Cardiac muscle: Involuntary and makes up the heart.
- Smooth muscle: Involuntary and found in organs.
Nervous tissue
i. Neuron
- Neuron: Basic unit of nervous system
- Function: Transmits electrical signals
- Types: Sensory, motor, and interneurons
Describe the basic sources of chemical energy and their fate in animal cells.
- Energy containing molecules from food are usually used to make ATP, which powers cellular work
- After the needs of staying alive are met, remaining food molecules can be used in biosynthesis
Define metabolic rate and explain how it can be determined for animals.
- One way to measure it is to determine the amount of oxygen consumed or carbon dioxide produced
- An animal's metabolic rate is closely related to its bioenergetic strategy
Distinguish between endothermic and exothermic animals.
Ectotherms - They gain their heat mostly from external sources (lower metabolic rates)
Describe the relationship between metabolic rate and body size.
Distinguish between basal metabolic rate and standard metabolic rate. Describe the major factors that influence energy requirements.
Standard metabolic rate - metabolic rate of an ectotherm at rest.
- Activity greatly affects metabolic rate
- In general, maximum metabolic rate is inversely related to the duration of the activity
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