Case 7; dog - aantekeningen

19 important questions on Case 7; dog - aantekeningen

(true or false) the eye contains 3 types of cones, one of which is for seeing yellow light?

False

The image is a schematic overview of the eye. A number of structures of the eye are indicated by an arrow with the letter A through D. Onn which structure are the cones and the rods?

Structure C

(true or false) frequenncies around 400 hz are easy to hear for people

True
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How big is the surface of the olfactory membrane in the dog?

7 m2

What is the meaning of vision and in which 3 steps can it be divided?

- objects in our environment reflect light, this light is translated into a mental image
- 3 steps:
1. Light enters the eye, and the lens focuses light on the retina
2. Photoreceptors of the retina transduce light energy into an electrical signal
3. Neural pathways form retina to brain process electrical signals into visual images

What kind of basic structure does the rods and cones have?

1. An outer segment whose tip touches the pigment epithelium of the retina
2. An inner segment that contains the cell nucleus and organelles fo ATP and protein synthesis
3. A basal segment with a synaptic terminal that releases glutamate onto bipolar cells

What is the defininition of the orbit?

Bony cavity that is formed by facial bones of the skull

What can you tell me about the processing of light, how it is modified before light strikes the retina?

1. The amount of light that reaches photoreceptors is regulated by changes in the size of the pupil
2. The light is focused by changes in the shape of the lens

How many tyoes of visual pigment do cones have + which one?

3 types of visual pigment -> all 3 are excited by different wavelengths of light: red, green, blue light

What are the 3 types of photoreceptor cells witthin each ommatidium + what is their nm?

1. Short -> max sensitivity in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum -> 350nm
2. Medium -> max sensitivity in the blue region of the spectrum -> 440 nm
3. Long -> max sensitivity in the green region of the spectrum -> 540 nm

What is the spectrum in nm in what humans can see?

400-750 nm

What is the frequency reach in hz for humans?

20-20000 Hz, butt most accurate ~1000-3000 hz

From what intensity of sound can you damage the hearing receptors of the ear?

Higher than 80 db

What are the 3 forms of hearing loss?

1. Conductive hearing loss -> sound cannot be transmitted through the external ear or middle ear
2. Central hearing loss -> results either from damage to the neutral pathways between the ear and cerebral cortex OR from damage to the cortex itself
3. Sensorineural hearing loss -> results from damage tot the structures of the inner ear

What is the frequency reach in hz for dolphin?

150-150.000

What is the frequency reach in hz for dog?

64-44.000

What is the frequency reach in hz for frog?

50-4.000

How many olfactory receptors do dogs have?

~220 million

How big is the olfactory epithelium surface in humans?

0.5 m^2

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