Allergic response
13 important questions on Allergic response
What is immediate hypersensitivity?
- A reaction affecting the blood vessels and airways
- Starts quickly, within minutes of exposure to the antigen
- Subsequent late-phase reaction involves the gathering of immune cells at the antigen site
What are allergens and how do they affect atopic individuals?
- Allergens are proteins or chemicals bound to proteins that induce IgE antibody responses in atopic individuals
- After sensitization, re-exposure by allergens activates the mast cells>
- These mast cells release mediators during an immediate and a late-phase reaction
Which two phases are depicted in the graph related to clinical manifestations after allergen exposure?
- The graph shows an immediate phase with a peak around 1 hour post-exposure.
- A late-phase reaction peaks between 4-12 hours after exposure, gradually declining afterwards.
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What initiates the allergic reaction pathway, and what cell-mediated processes occur as a result of the first exposure to an allergen?
- Initiation occurs with the first exposure to an allergen such as pollen.
- Dendritic cells present allergen to T cells, which help activate B cells.
- B cells undergo class switching to produce IgE antibodies.
- These IgE antibodies are released by plasma cells and bind to FcεRI on mast cells.
How is the body prepared for subsequent encounters with the same allergen?
- IgE antibodies produced during the initial response bind to FcεRI receptors on mast cells.
- Upon repeat exposure to the allergen, these sensitized mast cells are activated and release mediators.
What are the two phases of an allergic reaction after repeat exposure to an allergen and what events occur in each phase?
- Immediate hypersensitivity reaction: release of vasoactive amines, lipid mediators within minutes after repeat exposure to allergen.
- Late-phase reaction: release of cytokines 2-4 hours after repeat exposure to allergen.
Why do allergies develop?
• Exposure to microbes during childhood may reduce allergy risk – Hygiene hypothesis
• Respiratory infections may increase risk of asthma
What is the estimated prevalence of allergies in the US/EU?
- At least 20% of population
- Food allergies affect up to 10%
Describe the trend in allergy prevalence over the last 2-3 decades.
In which regions are allergies more prevalent?
How does the prevalence of allergies compare between children and adults?
What are some common types of allergens that can cause severe disease burden?
- Peanuts
- Tree nuts
- Fish
- Shellfish
- Egg
- Milk
- Wheat
- Soy
- Seeds
What are the 14 allergens that need to be labeled on food products in the EU?
- Cereals containing gluten
- Crustaceans
- Eggs
- Fish
- Peanuts
- Soybeans
- Milk
- Nuts
- Celery
- Mustard
- Sesame seeds
- Sulphur dioxide
- Lupin
- Molluscs
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