BGP - BGP Fundamentals
17 important questions on BGP - BGP Fundamentals
What are the 4 BGP Path Attribute classes in BGP?
Well-known=RFC Compliant,
Mandatory=Mandatory
2. Well-known, Discretionary
Well-known=RFC Compliant,
Discretionary=Optional
3. Optional, Transitive
Optional=Can be proprietary
Transitive=It will be passed to other routers
4. Optional, Non-Transitive
Optional=Can be proprietary
Non-Transitive=Doesn't have to be passed
What are 3 Well-known, mandatory BGP Path Attributes?
2. Next-hop: What is the next-hop address
3. Origin: Where does the route come from?
What are 2 Optional, Transitive BGP Path Attributes?
2. Community
- Higher grades + faster learning
- Never study anything twice
- 100% sure, 100% understanding
For my 1st exam I got a C. Then, I started looking for ways to learn better and I came across Study Smart. Since then I have scored a A+, A, A- and another A. I highly recommend it to everyone who wants to hear it. I am so happy with it!!
I was struggling to finish all my first-year subjects for 3 years. Then I discovered Study Smart, which helped me to finish all of them within 3 months.
Because of StudySmart, things are going well in many ways. Before, I always had study stress and no time for anything. Now I feel calm and confident (because of the program). I used to score a B, now I usually score an A or A+.
Hey Chris, I really want to thank you very much for developing the platform, I usually got around C for my exams, now I scored an A+, an A and a A- !!
Since using Study Smart, my average has increased significantly. I even completed a statistics course with a A+ while I'm bad at statistics. I took on extra courses this year, because of Study Smart. Thanks so much!
Ever since I started studying with StudySmart I passed all my exams !!! No more re-sits!! At first, I was happy with a pass and now I only get good grades. Many thanks!
I aced all the courses I studied with Study Smart. For law, I first scored a D, and now an A! I’m 100% sure that I’ll pass all the courses I study with Study Smart.
I always thought I studied well. My grades were fine. I could never have imagined that applying these study skills would have such a huge and direct impact on my grades, my speed and the pleasure I have in learning.
For the first time, I finally feel totally confident about the way I learn. I have the perfect overview and make great progress in terms of speed and the grades I get. Thanks, Chris!
I immediately started to enjoy learning again, and my grades soared. All of a sudden, everything went better. I highly recommend Study Smart to all students..
Being able to create my materials online made the process of studying so much smoother and quicker. I no longer have to spend a huge amount of my time on creating my summaries.
At first, my notes were a mess. Now I use Study Smart to take my notes in a perfectly structured way. It helps me to save a lot of time and do other things I enjoy.
Students that study with Study Smart get better grades. The system applies all the learning methods in such a way that both well-performing students and students who struggle perform much better.
Hi Chris, I would like to thank you very much. Last year I scored C on a course, and this year I got an A+ thanks to your method! Thank you very much!
The largest effect is that my child is more enthusiastic about school! Every parent wants their children to be happy at school, Study Smart made it happen.
In high school, I failed several exams, and that has really changed now. I actually needed this tool very much back then. Since I started studying with StudySmart, I haven't had any D's. My average score is now an A and those are results I would have never had in the past
With my old method, I passed only 3 out of 8 courses. Since I started taking my notes digitally in Study Smart, I have passed all my courses on the first try. For me, StudySmart takes away the stress of wondering if I will pass or not.
Thanks to StudySmart, I passed all my exams, and with better grades than before! On top of that, I have mastered a very good study method now, which I am confident will help me earn my degree.
What are 3 Optional, Non-Transitive BGP Path Attributes?
2. Originator ID
3. Cluster
How does BGP does loop prevention?
What are 5 characteristics of BGP Neighbors (Peers)?
2. Neighbors do not have to be directly connected
3. BGP doesn't use 'Hello' messages
4. Uses TCP 179
5. Simple Communication (Open, Keepalive, Update, Notification)
Which 6 states does the BGP Neighbor Relationship pass through?
2. Connect
3. Active
4. OpenSent
5. OpenConfirm
6. Established
What two ranges are there for Autonomous System Numbers?
Extended range: 32 bit field, providing 4.294.967.294 ASNs
Which Autonomous System Numbers are available as private ASNs to use within every organization.
For the extended range: 4.200.000.000 thru 4.294.967.294, for a total of 94.967.294
How does a BGP router provide the possibility of using multiple address families?
The AFI (Address Family Identifier) for IPv4, IPv6, etc.
The SAFI (Subsequent Address Family Identifier) for Unicast, Multicast, etc.
It was introduced with RFC-2858 and is called MultiProtocol-BGP
How does MP-BGP (MultiProtocol-BGP) achieve seperation of different address families?
MP_REACH_NLRI and
MP_UNREACH_NLRI.
These are carried in BGP update messages and carry information about different address families.
What is important to note about the BGP Database and different address families and subsequent address families?
BGP includes an AFI and SAFI with every route advertisement.
What is important to note about multi-hop BGP sessions?
A default route will NOT suffice.
What is different on eBGP sessions than on iBGP sessions?
2. Advertising router modifies BGP next-hop address to IP address sourceing the BGP connection.
3. Advertising router prepends its ASN to existing AS_Path variable.
4. Receiving router verifies the AS_Path variable doesn't contain an ASN that matches the local routers.
What 4 message types are used by BGP?
2. Update (Advertises, Update, or Withdraws routes)
3. Notification (Indicates an error condition to a BGP Neighbor)
4. Keepalive (Ensures BGP Neighbors are still alive.)
What are the 6 BGP Neighbor states, or Finite-State Machine(FSM)?
2. Connect
3. Active
4.OpenSent
5. OpenConfirm
6. Established
In BGP, what is a Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI) and what does it consists of?
It includes a Network Prefix, Prefix Length and any BGP Path Attributes for the specific route.
The question on the page originate from the summary of the following study material:
- A unique study and practice tool
- Never study anything twice again
- Get the grades you hope for
- 100% sure, 100% understanding
