Read the summary and the most important questions on Culture & Literature Orientation 1

• Inleiding

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• First Dispersal of English

  When the British went to colonize North America, Australia, New-Zealand (between 17th and 19th century).

• Second Dispersal of English

  Other Colonies, who still use the language as an L2 for administrative or educational purposes. The British who went abroad during the second Dispersal did so for economic reasons.

• Kachru’s circles: The Inner Circle

  Is made up of countries in which English is the first or the dominant language. These countries include Australia, Britain, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, and the United States. Also called the core English-speaking countries. These are Norm Setting countries. They set the grammatical, phonetic and lexical norms for the language.

• Kachru's Second Circle

  Norm Promoting: The countries that use English as an administrative language, and/or the countries from the second dispersal.

• Kachru's Outer Circle

  Norm dependent: These countries rely on the native speakers to set the rules for the language.

• Kachru's Revised Circles

  Kachru found that the original circles focused too much on people's country of birth/ethnicity. He revised the circles to contain only two groups: high proficiency and low proficiency. This meant that highly proficient speakers (e.g. L2 speakers with high proficiency) are also norm producing.

• West Germanic Languages/ Anglo-Frisian Language group

  English, German and Dutch.

• Anglo-Saxon (old English)

  Old English which had many transformations. Because of the Vikings from Scandinavia in the 9th century. Vikings brought the “sk”words: skill and sky and words like egg.

• Five Reasons for English’s world dominance:

  -Colonial History
  -Economic reasons
  -Internet with the origins in the USA
  -International Tourism makes use of the language
  -English Pop-Culture which is shared past the English speaking countries

• Present Day English (PDE)

  Refers to any one of the varieties of the English language (usually a standard variety) that is used by speakers who are alive today. Also called late or contemporary Modern English.