2022 Final
85 important questions on 2022 Final
The mode of inheritance in the pedigree in Figure 1 (4M5F black)
Autosomal recessive
True or false: In figure 1 (4M5F), the mode of inheritance affects females more commonly than males
False
The abnormality in the pig karyotype depicted in Figure 2 (pig karyotype) is a:
Robertsonian translocation
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Lulu, a 4 year old English Bulldog mix, was recently diagnosed with elbow dysplasia, a multifactorial disease. The gene(s) involved with elbow dysplasia in dogs has yet to be elucidated. Genetic causes of multifactorial diseases are best studied by
All of the above
A researcher is interested in potential causes of feather pecking in chickens. She assesses the level of feather pecking in individual birds, then interbreeds birds showing high and low levels of this behaviour. Over time, the researcher develops lines in which birds in Line 1 will predictably show high feather pecking and birds in Line 2 will show low feather pecking. This experiment can be described by which of the following?
Artificial selection
True or false: during development, cells usually undergo a mesenchymal to epithelial transition in order to migrate to their final locations
False
During gastrulation, which germ layer is the first to be established?
Endoderm
Which germ layer does smooth muscle originate from?
Mesoderm
Masta Blasta and shockwave are healthy, monozygotic (identical) twin colts who are a result of a monochorionic/diamnotic twinning event. When did the embryo most likely split to produce these twins?
After ICM formation
The chorion and yolk sac are formed in part from lateral plate mesoderm that splits into two layers. Chorion results from _____ mesoderm associating with _____, and the yolk sac forms from ______ associating with _____.
Somatic mesoderm/trophoblast; visceral mesoderm/hypoblast
A pug puppy was referred to a specialist for urinary incontinence and ataxia. Radiographs revealed the puppy has hemivertebrae in the upper back area. Which of the following is the most likely cause of these defects?
A problem during somitogenesis
What is the embryonic origin of melanocytes?
Neural crest cells
Neurocristopathies can arise due to defects of neural crest cell migration or differentiation. Which of the following is an example of neurocristopathy?
Both A and C (overo lethal white syndrome and Cleft palate)
There are many genes and molecules important to embryonic development. Which of the following statements is correct regarding each molecule and its function?
Both A and C are correct (Oct4 is important in maintaining cellular pluripotency, SHH acts as a neural inducer and also acts to maintain the anterior-posterior axis in limb development)
The enteric nervous system arises from
Vagal neural crest cells
Somites arise from ______ undergoing _______
Paraxial mesoderm, mesenchymal to epithelial transition
The "Clock and wave" mechanism is a model used to describe the formation of somites. Which of the following is the MOST CORRECT with respect to this mechanism?
It incorporates a feedback loop whereby formation of somite causes FGF signaling to drop caudally
A Manx cat is born with a congenital anomaly: a noticeable fluid-filled cyst on his back (lumbar region) At about 8 weeks old it was evident that the kitten has difficulty walking and controlling his bladder. Which of the following conditions does the kitten most likely have?
Myelomeningocele
In january 2020, a stillborn foal with an abnormaly large, open skull was examined at the OVC. Upon necropsy, it was determined the foal had ______ due to an obstruction of the cerebral aqueduct, causing accumulation of CSF within the ventricular system of the brain. What is e=the embryonic origin of the cerebral aqueduct?
Hydrocephalus; mesencephalon
Dorsal root ganglia are derived from cranial neural crest cells
False
Maintenance of progenitor cell population in neuroepithelium depends on:
Orientation of mitotic spindle
The cell bodies of sensory neurons of a spinal nerve arise from the
Dorsal root ganglia
Choose the incorrect statement with regards to spinal cord development
The alar (dorsal) plate contains sensory neurons, whose axonal projections grow out into the dorsal root ganglion
What extraembryonic membrane directly interfaces with the endometrium to form the placenta?
Chorion
What kind of placenta does a cat have?
Zonary, endotheliochorial
In a hemochorial placenta, which maternal tissue layers are degraded?
Endometrial epithelium, connective tissue, and endothelium
Dogs have an endotheliochorial placenta, a characteristic of this placenta is
Nutrients, gases, and IgGs must cross maternal endothelium and chorion epithelial barrier
Placentomes are formed from cotyledons from the chorion and caruncles from the endometrium
True
During the first phase of hematopoiesis, what is the primary location for blood cell production
Yolk sac
Which of the following structures is formed by the endocardial cushions?
Septum intermedium
Choose the incorrect statement regarding heart development
The heart develops in a region of the intermediate mesoderm called the cardiac tube
A developing fetus will only have about 12% of the blood leaving the right ventricle entering into the pulmonary circulation. The ______ is responsible for shunting blood away from the lungs and into the. _________
Ductus arteriosus; aorta
Upon routine physical examination, a heart murmur was detected in 2 year old Rudy the Rottweiler. A chest radiograph determined that Rudy had aortic stenosis. What did the veterinarin see on the radiograph?
Hypertrophy of the left ventricle
Blood in the umbilical vein has:
High oxygen concentration
Which of the following statements is MOST CORRECT regarding division of the developing heart?
The septum primum develops from the dorsal side of the atrium
Which of the following statements regarding respiratory system development is correct?
The respiratory system initially diverts from developing foregut via the tracheo-esophageal groove
Which statement is TRUE regarding the origin and formation of the gut layers?
The foregut includes the esophagus and part of the duodenum
Organs such as the digestive tract are composed of derivatives of more than one germ layer. Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding the digestive system origins?
The ectoderm gives rise to pulmonary pleura
In all species, the midgut herniates into the umbilical cord to form part of the small intestine and large intestine. Which aspect of the midgut, before rotation, becomes the duodenum, jejunum, and part of the ileum?
Cranial limb of elongated midgut
TRUE or FALSE: facial development requires the contribution of endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm and neural crest derivatives
True
Facial deformities, like undershot jaws, can occur as a result of defects in pharyngeal arch specification. Which arch is associated with jaw formation and may have associated ear abnormalities?
Arch 1
What is the embryonic origin of the hyoid bone?
Neural crest cells
At which stage do secondary bronchi from during embryonic/fetal lung development?
Canalicular
Which of the following hormones causes regression of the mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts?
In females, regression of the mesonephric duct is passive and does not require hormonal input
Which of the following structures are of endoderm origin (choose the most correct answer)?
Urinary bladder and urethra
The uterine tubes and uterus originate from the paired:
Paramesonephric/Mullerian ducts
Upon examination of a male puppy, there is a palpable left testis within the left scrotal sac, but no palpable right testis within the right scrotal sac. A small subcutaneous lump was found at the top of the right left near the scrotum. Which of the following is the MOST LIKELY explanation involving the gonad of this puppy?
Ectopic testis
Chromosomal sex is determined at the time of fertilization, but phenotypic sex is determined by
SRY gene
The ureteric bud branches as a result from the metanephric blastema via:
GDNF signaling
What is the primary function of the zone of polarizing activity in the developing limb?
Setting up the anterior-posterior axis of the limb
What is the embryonic origin of most of the back muscles?
Paraxial mesoderm
If the somites close to a limb forming region are removed, which of the following will be missing in the limb?
Muscles
The sternal bars of the developing embryo originate from:
Somatic mesoderm
True or false: FGF signaling promotes cell proliferation
True
Which of the following is a key difference in skeletal and cardiac myogenesis?
Skeletal myoblasts fuse with each other while cardiac myocytes do not
TRUE or FALSE: only the lens arises from surface ectoderm during eye development
False
Cooper, Dr. Lepage's horse, had his left eye removed due to complications from adult-onset uveitis. Upon examination, there were signs of retinal detachment at the back of the eye/ What is the most likely explanation for why retinal detachment occurred in Cooper's case?
Abnormal intraocular pressure
What is the correct order of development of the neural retinal layer (From first to develop to last to develop)
1. Ganglion cells
2. Amacrine/horizontal cells
3. Bipolar neurons
4. Photoreceptors
2. Amacrine/horizontal cells
3. Bipolar neurons
4. Photoreceptors
True or false: The development of the cornea requires degradation of hyaluronic acid and the action of thyroxine to render the cornea transparent
True
What do the iris stroma and animal fur have in common?
All of the above
Which of the following is TRUE with regards to the development of the lens?
Epithelial cells form lens fibres by replacing their organelles with crystalline proteins
True or false: the eye cup is formed from the same embryonic brain region as the hypothalamus
True
Which statement is true regarding therapeutic cloning?
It involves generating embryonic stem cells to replace/repair damaged tissues/organs
Intra-uterine insemination (IUI) consists of
Injection of washed sperm into the uterus with a catheter
True or False: in somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), the tissue cell donor nucleus only contributes half of the genetic material in the resulting offspring
False
Which assisted reproductive technology consists of the injection of a single sperm directly into the cytoplasm of an egg?
Intracystopalsmic sperm injection (ICSI)
Which part of the female reproductive tract acts as a sperm reservoice, allowing spermatozoa from the same ejaculate to reach the uterine/fallopian tubes at different times?
Cervix
The binding of sperm to _____ results in the acrosome reaction
A receptor on the zona pellucida
Spermatocytogenesis is the male form of gametogenesis that results in
Formation of spermatocytes
True or false: primordial germ cells are diploid when they reach the genital ridge
True
Allogenic/allogeneic cells are defined as
Cells from a different individual of the same species
The function(s) of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells include(s)
Functions described in B and D (differentiating into certain mesodermal cell types, altering the function of the immune system at the repair site via secreted factors)
What three properties define a "stem cell"?
Unspecialized, highly proliferative, and extensive differentiation potential
Embryonic stem cells are isolated from
The inner cell mass of an embryo
In what ways are embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells similar?
A and B are correct (they can both undergo unlimited self renewal, they can both differentiate into cell types of all three germ layers)
A benefit of using induced pluripotent stem cells in future clinical practice is
They have a lower risk of immune rejection compared to ESCs
In order to evaluate the efficacy of stem cell therapies, studies need to account for
All of the above
True or false: in the US, there are currently NO regulations on veterinarian's use of autologous cell-based products like stromal vascular fraction or PRP
False
Stromal vascular fraction refers to
The cellular fraction of adipose tissue
A client tells you that he's read a number of success stories of dogs undergoing stem cell treatments for a variety of conditions. He requests more information on this treatment for his aging dog who has osteoarthritis (OA), which piece of advice are you LEAST LIKELY to give?
MSC therapy doesn't work on OA for dogs
True or false: there is some evidence that MSC therapy reduces the re-injury rate of superficial digital flexor tendons (SDFT) in racehorses
True
You add donor cells from the inner cell mass (ICM) of blastocyst A to the ICM of blastocyst B. Where will you find derivatives of blastocyst A?
In newborn tissues
Upon graduation, you are asked to consult on a large research project at the OVC looking at improving Guernsey cow blastocyst growth rates during IVF via gene therapy. You hypothesize that by correcting one or more genes of interest, you could improve fertility in this breed for years to come. Would the best approach be germline gene therapy or somatic gene therapy?
Germline gene therapy
A client is hesitant to enroll their dog in a gene therapy clinical trial involving AAV vectors. To inform the client better, which of the following statements would you use to explain the AAV gene therapy?
A and B (AAV vectors are typically unable to replicate in cells on their own, they do not incorporate into the host DNA)
The outcomoe of bovine IVF blastocyst experiments allowed you to apply for more funding for gene therapy research. Your next task is to evaluate the effect of deleting a BMP gene (or rendering it non-functional) on blastocyst/gastrula development. Which gene therapy technology would you choose to proceed with these experiments?
CRISPR/Cas9 via non-homologous end joining
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