Read the summary and the most important questions on Elementary Statistics | 1-292-03941-8 | Mario F. Triola

• 1 Introduction to Statistics

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• 1.2 Statistical and Critical Thinking

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• What is the key concept of chapter 1.2: 'Statistical and Critical Thinking'?

  How to conduct a statistical study with the method of 'Statistical Thinking'.

• What are the three subjects of the Prepare-step in Statistical Thinking?

  1. Context
     
  2. Source of the Data
  3. Sampling Method

• What do I want to know about the Source of the Data in the Prepare-step?

  • Are the data from a source with a special interest so that there is pressure to obtain results that are favorable to the source?
    

• What to know about the Sampling Method in the Prepare-step?

  • Were the data collected in a way that is unbiased, or were the data collected in a way that is biased (such as a procedure in which respondents volunteer to participate)?
    

• What is a 'voluntary response sample'?

  A voluntary response sample (or self-selected sample) is one in which the respondents themselves decide whether to be included.

• What are the three subjects of the Analyze-step in Statistical Thinking?

  1. Graph the Data
     
  2. Explore the Data
  3. Apply Statistical Methods

• What are the two subjects of the Conclude-step in Statistical Thinking?

  1. Statistical significance
     
  2. Practical significance

• What's the key concept of the Pitfall 'Misleading Conclusions'?

  Correlation does not imply causation.

• What is the Pitfall of 'Reported results'?

  Results that are reported by your subjects are more likely to be less accurate than results you measure yourself. 
  By example: someone can lie about their weight, you can better read it yourself of the scale.

• What is the Pitfall of 'Small Samples'?

  Having small samples may lead to conclusions that are not representative for the whole population.
  By example: Research turned out that 67% of the kids come late to school. Expect what turned out: only 3 kids were taken as sample...