Summary: Exercise Science Exam I

Read the summary and the most important questions on Exercise science Exam I

• 1 Exercise science Exam I

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• What are the major function of red blood cells, and white blood cells?

  • Red Blood Cells 
    
  • Transports oxygen to the body's tissues and removes carbon dioxide as a waste product 
  • White Blood Cells 
  • Helps the immune system protect your body against infection

• Compare the Axial Skeleton vs. Appendicular Skeleton

  • Axial Skeleton
    
  • 80 Bones
  • Forms the Central Axis of the body (Protects organs)
  • Skull Bones, Auditory Ossicles, Hyoid Bone, Ribs, Sternum, Vertebrae, and Sacrum
  • Appendicular Skeleton
  • 126 Bones
  • Bones of the upper and lower extremities and the bones forming the girdles that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton
  • Has the role of body movements

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• What are the roles of surface marking on bones?

  • Structural features adapted for specific functions 
  • Two types:
  • Depressions and Openings 
  • Allow the passage of soft tissues 
  • Form tissues 
  • Processes 
  • Projections or outgrowths that form joints 
  • Serve as attachment points for ligaments and tendons  

• Describe the blood flow through the heart and the body.

  • Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cavae.
  • Moves to the right ventricle.
  • Gets pumped to the lungs via the pulmonary artery.
  • Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium through the pulmonary veins.
  • Flows into the left ventricle.
  • Pumped out to the body through the aorta.

• When does blood have high levels of oxygen? Low levels of oxygen?

  • Blood has high levels of oxygen after it passes through the lungs and enters the left side of the heart to be pumped to the body 
    
  • Blood has low levels of oxygen after delivering oxygen to the body's tissues and returns to the right side of the heart to be sent back to the lungs  

• Differences in vertebrae between cervical (neck), thoracic (ribcage), and lumbar (low back)

  • .Cervical 
    
  • Smallest
  • Thoracic
  • Larger
  • Lumbar
  • Largest 

• What is scoliosis? Kyphosis? Lordosis?

  • Scoliosis 
    
  • Increased lateral curvature
  • Kyphosis
    
  • Increased thoracic curve (bent forwards)
  • Lordosis 
  • Increased lumbar curve (bent backwards) 

• Electrical flow through the heart? Where does signal for contraction start? Pause?

  • Signal starts at the sinoatrial (SA) node.
  • Contraction spreads through atria.
  • Pause occurs at the atrioventricular (AV) node.

• Parts of ECG (R wave, T wave, QRS complex, p wave). What’s happening during those?

  • P wave: Atrial depolarization (contraction)
  • QRS complex: Ventricular depolarization (contraction)
  • T wave: Ventricular repolarization (relaxation)
  • R wave: Peak of QRS, represents ventricular depolarization.

• What are the functions of arteries, veins, capillaries

  • Arteries
  • Arteries carry blood away from the heart to the tissues
  • The walls of the arteries are elastic, which allows them to absorb the pressure created by ventricles of the heart as they pump blood into the arteries.
  • Veins
  • Carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart 
  • Capillaries
    
  • Smallest blood vessles in the body; exchanges gases, nutrients, and waste between the blood and the body's tissues