Read the summary and the most important questions on Gender and Development

• Haslam 95-103

• What is the relationship of the DAWN report to the GAD approach (1) and what does it say (2)?

  It is the reference point for the GAD approach.
  
  
  States that:
  - Social relations between the sexes are a development issue.
  - the indebtness of developing countries, spread of neoliberalism and religous fundamentalism disproportionately affect women.

• How does GAD aim to promote gender equality?

  Through the empowerment of women. Empowerment = giving tools to lift themselves out of the situation (e.g. better property rights, promotion of participation in private decision-making)

• Final part 1

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• Why should men also be included in gender development? (4)

  - gender roles are not universal: they differ per case
  - it allows for harnessing skills and talents per individual: men can also deviate from gender roles
  - men's cooperation is crucial for succes projects
  - avoids blowback of men feeling put aside

• What is the definition of human development and gender development?

  Human Development: Improvements in all aspects of an individual's wellbeing, from their health status to economical and political freedom.
  
  Gender Development: improvement in the living conditions and quality of life of the female gender in relation to the male gender.. towards parity.

• What were the three social phenomena that made way for the Women in Development approach (WID) (3)

  - the mobilization the feminist organizations in the North
  - the publication of Boserup's 'women's role in economic development'
  - the declaration of the United Nations Decade of Women (1975-85)

• What were the purpose and means (2) proposed by WID?

  Purpose : integrate women in the workforce and increase their productivity (to improve their lives)
  
  Means:
  - education and skills training
  - improving access to credit and advanced Agricultural techniques

• What are the main points of critique on the WID approach? (4)

  - It reflects the reality of the Northern women, but not the collective needs of the Southern Women.
  - It imposes the extra burden of work on women because it does not consider the inqualities in work in the private sphere.
  - In it's insertion into the capitalist system, WID does not question the broader structures of development.
  - revenue generating and training projects are insufficient because they do not alter hierarchical structures of production or socio-cultural models that favour men of women.

• What are the key points Esther Boserup makes in 'Women's role in economic development' (2)

  - statistics either ignored or underestimated the value of work performed by women.
  
  - modernization (increasingly specialized labour) deteriorates women's status because women are often tasked with simple manual activities whereas man do the technical part (gender takeover)
  
  -discrimination of women deprives women of equal share with men of economic and social benefits.
  
  This is caused by:
  - discrimination in workforce; the specialized roles give women no access to technology and therefore deprived from gaining knowledge and training.

• What are the main points of WAD? (2)

  - women have Always contributed to development, although it led to the enrichment of the patriarchal capitalist system.
  - Women are a social class that is subordinated to the capitalist mode of production (due to division of material conditions) and unequal international relations.

• What are the main points of critique on WAD? (3)

  - even in societies without capitalism (communist or non-western), patriarchy still exists.
  - approach overlooks differences among women (class, race, ethnicity)
  - emphasis on public sphere overlooks exploitation of women's private time and unpaid labour.