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• 1 Genes and Genetic Variation

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• How are genes passed from parents to offspring?

  Each gamete contains one set of chromosomes, when an egg is fertilised it has two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent

• Why might two organisms have different characteristics?

  They have inherited different characteristics or the environment has caused them to have different characteristics (i.e. muscle mass)

• Describe sexual reproduction

  Meiosis, two gametes fuse, 23 pairs of chromosomes from each parent, variation from parents

• Describe asexual reproduction

  Mitosis, only one parent, all chromosomes from same parents, clone of parents

• Describe how to take plant cuttings

  Cuttings are taken off of a plant, dipped in rooting powder and grown into new plants

• Describe the stages of tissue culture (plants)

  Cells are taken from the tip of a shoot, placed on a jelly with the necessary nutrients and chemicals to help cells divide, a small ball of cells is formed, the ball is split, when the new plants are big enough they are planted into compost

• Describe the stages of embryo transplanting

  Sperm and eggs are taken from desirable animals, eggs are fertilised, the embryo cells are split before they become specialised, each split cell becomes its own embryo, identical animals are produced

• Describe the stages of adult cell cloning

  Body cell taken from an animal, egg cell taken from another animal, nucleus of the body cell is placed into the egg cell, an electric shock is used to start cell division, embryo is placed in another animal, the offspring is a clone of the animal that supplied the body cell

• What is genetic engineering?

  Taking a gene from one organism and implanting it into the DNA of another organism

• Why do we genetically modify crops?

  Herbicide resistant crops