The Great Retreat, 1914-1945, and a New Transition - Ambiguity and Persistence

8 important questions on The Great Retreat, 1914-1945, and a New Transition - Ambiguity and Persistence

What persisted and grew, regarding globalization, in the Great Retreat?

- International sports and movie interests persisted.
- Global trade and the big international companies continued at high levels of activity, though of course oscillating with internal economic conditions.
- Some new nations, like Turkey, vigorously introduced reforms aimed at adjusting local culture, including education, toward more global standards.

Where were study abroad programs first established? What was the thought behind it?

It was in the 1920s, despite important countercurrents, that several United States universities first established regular study abroad programs - these aimed, to be sure, at Western Europe (particularly France and Italy) but they did embody a basic belief that, even in an age of growing nationalism, exposure to cosmopolitan experience should be a vital part of American elite education.

What is the League of Nations? Who became part of it?

The League of Nations, as a deliberative body designed to reduce conflicts, expanded the idea of coordination, and both the League and other agencies increasingly, though slowly, opened to non-Western participation.
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How did the League of Nations do during the Great Retreat? What did they become eventually?

- The League of Nations failed in its largest goals, unable to deal effectively with growing nationalist conflict.
- In the long run the League would provide some precedent for more effective international diplomatic and military action of the sort that would emerge with the United Nations after 1945; but it was the failure of the League, as much as its forward motion, that set the stage for later development.

What did the Great Depression in 1929 do to globalization?

- The Great Depression pushed most countries to new levels of tariff protection and other selfish measures that actually made the disastrous economic spiral worse than it would have been otherwise.
- A number of countries, even before the depression, introduced new policies of import substitution, which protected local industries with high tariffs and government subsidies in order to limit dependence on imports of products like textiles and automobiles

What innovations cut into global travel?

The post-World War I years saw the rise of modern passport and visa requirements.

Why did most European countries introduce strict passport requirements?

Because they were fearful of spies and foreign agents.

What result did the modern passport and visa requirements have?

- The result was, at the least, a significant complication to the movement of migrants and travelers. When combined with new immigration restrictions, as in the United States during the 1920s, the result significantly reduced the international movement of peoples.
- The steady increase in the paperwork involved in any kind of international travel, became a significant new component of global interactions.

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