Transitions: The Mongol Period

7 important questions on Transitions: The Mongol Period

What unexpected development after 1200 extended the framework in ways that would lead to the next major globalization phase?

A new, interlocking Mongol empire began to be established that accelerated connections among major parts of Asia and Europe, creating new opportunities for contact that would have an impact long after the Mongol period itself.

Who was Chinggis Khan?

A military genius who won leadership of this nomadic people early in the thirteenth century, and set out to conquer China.

What territory were the Mongols able to conquer? In what time period?

The Mongols were able to conquer a great deal of territory very quickly.
- Chinggis Khan launched his attacks on China in 1215.
- All of northern China was seized just a few years after Chinggis Khan's death in 1227.
- In the meantime, other Mongol conquerors fanned out in Russia, which was taken over between 1236 and 1240;
- another group pressed further into Central Asia, capturing key cities along the old Silk Road; and yet another wave invaded the eastern Middle East, winning Baghdad in 1258 and definitively ending the Arab caliphate.
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Which countries were able to block the Mongols?

- Efforts to invade southeast Asia did not get very far. Two attempts to conquer Japan failed.
- While Mongols raided Poland and Hungary to the west of Russia, they did not stay to consolidate their gains.
- And an Egyptian force successfully blocked them from moving into the western Middle East and North Africa.

What characterizes Mongol rulers?

- Mongol rulers, though brutal in war, proved to be exceptionally tolerant leaders, active in promoting trade and artisanal manufacturing and delighted to use officials and entertain visitors from a variety of backgrounds.
- In addition, the Mongol rulers effectively secured orderly trade routes throughout their domains.

How did Chinggis Khan go about scholars?

Chinggis Khan eagerly invited philosophers and religious scholars from various parts of Eurasia to visit his new capital in Karakorum and debate the merits and drawbacks of different belief systems.

What made the Mongol era a crucial accelerator for a variety of interregional contacts?

The combination of vast domains, good order, and openness to a variety of people and ideas made the Mongol era a crucial accelerator for a variety of interregional contacts.

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