Summary: Honors Biology

Read the summary and the most important questions on Honors Biology

• 1 Learning Goal 1

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• What is the first step in the path of a secretory protein through the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

  • The ribosome begins to produce the polypeptide.
  • The first few amino acids are called a "signal peptide."
  • The signal peptide helps direct the ribosome to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum's surface.

• What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum and their purposes?

  • Rough ER: Attached to the nuclear membrane, studded with ribosomes, modifies and folds proteins.
  • Smooth ER: Lacks ribosomes, helps produce hormones and lipids.

• What happens after the signal peptide enters the rough endoplasmic reticulum's membrane?

  • The ribosome continues building the polypeptide.
  • As it is built, it passes through the membrane and enters the endoplasmic reticulum's lumen.

• What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

  • Series of folds dotted with ribosomes.
  • Continuous with the nuclear envelope.
  • Vesicles travel from the rough ER to the Golgi apparatus.

• How are proteins modified in the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

  • Proteins enter the rough ER to be modified and folded.
  • They are transported to the Golgi for further modification.
  • Ribosomes on the rough ER surface aid in protein folding.

• Describe the modification process of the polypeptide inside the rough endoplasmic reticulum's lumen.

  • The signal peptide has been removed.
  • The rest of the polypeptide is fully inside the ER's lumen.
  • The polypeptide is modified.

• What is the Golgi apparatus present in, and how many Golgi does each cell have?

  • Present in all known eukaryotic cells.
  • Each cell has many Golgi.
  • Each Golgi has 4-8 cisternae.

• What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

  • Lacks ribosomes.
  • Produces hormones and lipids.
  • Involved in detoxification processes.
  • Found in high amounts in reproductive organs and glands.

• What occurs after the ribosome finishes building the protein?

  • The ribosome releases the protein.
  • The ribosomal subunits float away from the rough ER's surface.

• What is the primary role of the mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells?

  • Produce ATP
  • Known as the "powerhouse" of the cell
  • ATP carries energy like a battery
  • Inner membrane folded into cristae
  • Contains ribosomes and DNA