Read the summary and the most important questions on Intensive dairy production systems in an urban landscape, the Dutch situation

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• How is livestock production in the Netherlands characterized?

  - By high stocking density for all types of farm animals
  - High animal productivity
  - High grass and forage production levels
  - High levels of fertilizations
  - High inputs and imports of agro-industral by products
  - High population density

• Since when has the environmental impact of the livestock sector under debate?

  Sunce the early 1980's 

• What is the more recent debate on the livestock sector?

  - Animal welfare
  - Natural animal behavior
  - Visibility
  - Transparancy
  - Environmental impact
  - Greenhouse gas emissions
  - External land use

• What are the main environmental/social challanges for the livestock sector in the Netherlands?

  - Water quality
  - Air quality
  - Conservation of excisting landscapes and natural ecosystems
  - Cattle welfare issues

• What progress has been made adressing the environmental challenges?

  - NO3 from 150 mg per liter to 70 mg per liter
  - NH3 from 125,000 to about 60,000 t NH3 per year
  - Total GHG emmission dropped about 20%

• In which ways works the strong interaction between researchers and farmers?

  - New techniques and options can be tested in practice
  - The innovational capacity of farmers can be exploited and facilitated 
  - The cost effectiveness of mitigation

• What are the two approaches to improve dairy production systems?

  - Prevent trade offs at the level of individual animals and plants, herds and crops, fields, farms and even regions
  - To combine fundemental strategic research with applied and intergrated research

• What are the three causal factors of methanogenesis in the gastrointestinal tract?

  - The amount of organic matter fermented
  - The efficiency of microbial growth
  - The amount and type of volatile fatty acids and the amount of hydrogen produced

• What effects the enteric CH4 emmision?

  - Cow performance
  - Feed intake
  - Nutritional factors

• How was ammonia emmision reduced?

  - By a shift in manura applications
  - Low emmision housing systems