Weel 5-2 Correct
30 important questions on Weel 5-2 Correct
What does ethical journalism entail according to the SPJ Code of Ethics?
- Ethical journalism requires being accurate and fair.
- Journalists should act honestly and with courage when gathering and reporting.
- Being accountable and transparent is crucial.
- Responsibility for work and public explanations are essential.
What is an example of a nonfiction disclaimer?
- Claims there's no use of composite characters/scenes.
- Names remain unchanged.
- No invention of events.
- Direct quotations used only if observed directly.
- Paraphrased dialogues without quotation marks.
What are the cornerstone principles of narrative journalism according to Roy Peter Clark?
- Adherence to the truth: Balancing truth with compelling storytelling.
- Ethical principles:
- - Do not add: Avoid fictional events.
- - Do not deceive: Ensure accuracy in narrative representation.
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What does "verisimilitude" refer to, and how does it differ from "nonfictionality"?
- Verisimilitude:
- - Truthlikeness or lifelikeness
- - Likelihood that story events may happen
- - Could be true or may happen
- Nonfictionality:
- - Things that have happened
- - Aligns with objective reality
What topic is covered in the presentation from Tilburg University?
- Focuses on different levels of accuracy in narratives.
- Explores how narratives can vary in their precision.
- Analyzes implications of narrative accuracy in communication.
What is narrative realism?
- Coherence or plausibility within a narrative
- Information aligns with mental representation
- Unrealness includes incoherence or implausibility
- - Plot holes: gaps in storyline
- - Continuity errors: missing elements
- - Character errors: inconsistent actions
- Different from narrative turns
What role does context play in narratives according to Dahlstrom & Ho (2012)?
- Narratives differ from evidence-based communication.
- Context is crucial for meaning in narratives.
- This reliance introduces varying levels of accuracy.
What determines the accuracy of a narrative according to Dahlstrom & Ho?
- Accurately representing the real world (external realism, ethical principles)
- - Adhering to rules within the narrative world (narrative realism)
- - Being representative of the larger issue
What is Dolf Zillmann’s exemplification theory?
- It views a narrative as a specific example of events, characters, and settings.
- Belief that examples represent larger issues.
- Exemplars influence perceptions of typicality.
- Relies on two heuristics: representativeness and availability.
What is the narrative mode of thought, according to Bruner?
- Induction process: from concrete examples to abstraction.
- Narratives create meaning with a veiled normative component.
- They imply strong assessments but neither state nor defend assumptions.
Why do scientific arguments often struggle against strong narratives?
- Paradigmatic vs. narrative processing explains the conflict.
- Evidence-based arguments clash with strong narratives.
- Misunderstandings perpetuate the conflict.
- Incorrect narratives need stronger narratives to counter.
Why can narratives be misleading?
- Consumers verify narratives differently, favoring verisimilitude over truth.
- - They are more tolerant of lower truthfulness.
- Narratives resist counterevidence by arguing implicitly.
- They fit consumers’ thinking.
- - We overestimate their representativeness.
What distinguishes the paradigmatic mode of thought from the narrative mode in terms of convincing arguments?
- Paradigmatic: Convince of their truth/veracity.
- Narrative: Convince of their lifelikeness.
How do paradigmatic and narrative modes of thought differ in verification?
- Paradigmatic: Verified by procedures for formal and empirical proof.
- Narrative: Establishes not truth but verisimilitude.
What is the criterion of well-formedness in paradigmatic and narrative modes?
- Paradigmatic: Judging correctness of a logical argument.
- Narrative: Judging goodness of a narrative.
How is causality approached differently in paradigmatic and narrative modes?
- Paradigmatic: Seeks universal truth conditions.
- Narrative: Looks for particular connections between two events.
What is the stance on consistency in paradigmatic vs. narrative modes?
- Paradigmatic: Does not allow violations of consistency.
- Narrative: Allows violations of consistency but must conform to logical consistency.
How do paradigmatic and narrative modes use deduction and induction?
- Paradigmatic: Uses deduction - from abstraction to concrete examples.
- Narrative: Uses induction - from concrete examples to abstraction.
What is the topic discussed in the slide provided by Tilburg University?
- Focus on extreme cases of conspiracy theories.
- Presentation from Tilburg University.
- Engages with the critical examination of conspiracy theories.
What is meant by "stigmatized knowledge" according to Dawson (2022)?
- Conspiracy theories are considered stigmatized knowledge.
- Defined as a "mark of disgrace" linked to certain circumstances.
- Knowledge not accepted by institutions validating truth.
What role do gatekeepers play in the mainstreaming of conspiracy theories according to Dawson (2022)?
- Conspiracy theories exist on the fringe of our knowledge base.
- Gatekeepers prevent these theories from reaching mainstream acceptance.
- Mainstream means becoming widely accepted or integrated.
What socio-political characteristics define the "susceptible citizen" according to Dawson (2022)?
- Low levels of education
- Conservative political leaning
- Desirous of social acceptance
- Sceptical of authority
- Inclined to simple explanations
- Driven by sense of uniqueness
- Privileged access to the truth
What happens when conspiracy theories become mainstream according to Barkun (2016)?
- Conspiracy theories are 'cleansed' of stigmas.
- Boundaries between fringe and mainstream erode.
Why are CTs compelling for many people?
- A sense of understanding of complex events
- An explanation for uncertainty or randomness
- A feeling of control or empowerment
- Community with like-minded individuals
What are the types of misleading information mentioned, and how do they differ?
- Misleading information divides into:
- - Disinformation: Deliberate intention to deceive.
- - Misinformation: Results from honest mistakes.
- Truthful information is contrasted with misleading information.
How are conspiracy theories and narratives viewed, according to Dawson (2022)?
- Conspiracy theories and narratives are seen as synonymous.
- Represent a chronological event sequence (story).
- Not scientific theories, but narratives pretending to explain events.
- Impose a causal story structure.
What role does the media play according to Dawson (2022)?
- CTs integrate with the daily news cycle.
- They gain attention by opposing official news.
- Media competes to control “the narrative.”
- Journalists act as gatekeepers, warning of "addiction to CTs."
- False narratives identified as "epistemological others."
Why are CTs considered compelling according to Dawson (2022)?
- CTs benefit from their narrativity.
- They trigger transportation/narrative engagement/SWA and identification.
- CTs engage the narrative mode of thought instead of the paradigmatic mode.
- Assessed by lifelikeness, verisimilitude, and goodness of the narrative.
What do conspiracy theories indicate about society, according to Deutschmann and Naomi Klein?
- Conspiracy theories reflect public discourse and collective imagination.
- According to Naomi Klein, conspiracy theories often lack correct 'facts' but contain genuine emotions.
What does Brian Chen from the New York Times suggest regarding news consumption?
- Select media outlets you trust.
- Regularly consult these chosen outlets.
- Avoid relying solely on social media for information.
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