Summary: Mills Et Al Hru 2011 Why Do People Postpone Parenthood Reasons And Social Policy...

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• 1 1 Department of Sociology/ICS, University of Groningen, Grote Rozenstraat 31, 9712 TG Groningen, The Netherlands 2 Population and

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• What journal is represented by the green cover with the title "human reproduction update"?

  • Journal Name: Human Reproduction Update
  • Color Scheme: Green
  • Title Style: Lowercase
  • Focus: Reproductive medicine and research

• What are the central reasons for the postponement of first births in Western societies?

  Major factors influencing this trend include:
  

  • Rise of effective contraception
  • Increases in women's education
  • Labor market participation
  • Value changes and gender equity
  • Partnership changes
  • Housing conditions
  • Economic uncertainty
  • Absence of supportive family policies

• How has women's labour force participation been linked to childbearing postponement?

  Factors linking involvement in paid work with delayed motherhood include:
  

  • Incompatibility between child care and employment
  • Work-family conflict literature
  • Decreased pregnancy likelihood due to employment (Budig, 2003)
  • Effects of gender structures on fertility

• What does the review state about social policy incentives and their effectiveness?

  The review indicates that:
  

  • Some social policies can effectively counter birth postponement.
  • Evidence supports the link between policies and the timing of childbearing.

• What arguments have been presented by economists regarding motherhood and earnings?

  Economists have suggested:
  

  • High wage penalty associated with early motherhood
  • Postponing motherhood can lead to increased earnings
  • Higher education and professional occupations influence outcomes
  • Future income increases can delay childbearing

• What methodology was used for the systematic analysis in this review?

  The review employed the following methods:
  

  • Followed the PRISMA procedure
  • Conducted literature searches in demographic and social science databases
  • Focused on childbearing behavior and family policies
  • Included national and international data sources

• What are the consequences for women who leave the labor force after childbirth?

  Exiting the workforce leads to:
  

  • Loss of wages (absent maternity benefits)
  • Missed valuable training opportunities
  • Decreased job-specific human capital
  • 7% wage penalty estimates per child (Budig & England, 2001)

• What implications does the postponement of first births have for women and parents?

  Key implications include:
  

  • Affects women's ability to conceive
  • Influences parents' capacity to have more children
  • Conflicts between optimal biological periods and career building

• What evidences show the impact of delayed motherhood on women's career earnings?

  Studies indicate:
  

  • A year of postponing motherhood increases earnings by 9%
  • Work experience increases by 6%
  • Average wage rates rise by 3% (Miller, 2010)
  • Importance of careful family planning on economic well-being

• What challenges do women face regarding childrearing and employment according to the findings?

  The findings highlight that:
  

  • Combining female employment with childrearing is challenging.
  • Work-family conflicts can hinder the process.
  • Policy intervention can reduce these conflicts.