Summary: Minor Term 2

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• 1 minor term 2

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• Why do people excrete nitrogen waste as urea instead of ammonia?

  • Urea is less toxic than ammonia.
  • Reduces the risk of harm to tissues and organs.
  • Easier for the body to manage within the bloodstream.

• What side effect can cyclosporine have due to interference with the distal tubule?

  • The blood becomes more acidic.
  • Cyclosporine affects hydrogen ion management.
  • Can disrupt the acid-base balance.

• Which statement about the RAAS is correct?

  • Renin is released when blood pressure drops.
  • Renin initiates reactions increasing blood volume and pressure.
  • Important in blood pressure regulation.

• Which statement is correct regarding the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and kidney function?

  The GFR is often estimated by determining the concentration of creatinine in the plasma

• Which factor does NOT influence the excretion of toxic substances by the kidney?

  • The amount of aquaporins in the collecting duct does not affect excretion.
  • Factors like size of the substance, mitochondrial functionality, and excretory pathway saturation do impact excretion.

• Why can't hydrophobic substances be excreted properly by the kidney?

  • Hydrophobic substances are quickly reabsorbed by passive diffusion.
  • This reabsorption impairs proper excretion despite other processes like filtering or aquaporin passage.

• Which mechanism does NOT help remove excess neurotransmitter after release?

  • Uptake through the receptor by the postsynaptic cell does not remove excess neurotransmitter.
  • Other mechanisms include enzymatic breakdown, reuptake by the presynaptic cell, and diffusion with astrocyte uptake.

• Which statement about voltage-gated Ca2+ channels is true?

  • Located in the axon terminal.
  • Involved in neurotransmitter release.
  • Essential for synaptic transmission.
  • Blocked by ω-conotoxin.

• What is the consequence of curare blocking acetylcholine binding to nicotinic receptors?

  • Leads to paralysis.
  • Interferes with muscle contraction.
  • Prevents neurotransmission at neuromuscular junctions.

• What is is a consequence of decreased myelin due to cuprizone?

  • a. The action potential gets delayed
    b. The protection of the axon is reduced
    c. The axon becomes less isolated