Summary: Minor Vak The Sound Lab

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• 1 Minor vak The sound lab

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• How many consonants and vowels are in the American IPA?

  24 consonants and 16 vowels

• 2 Phonemes, allophones, voicing, aspiration

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• The three groups of the vowels?

  1. Checked steady-state vowels:
  1. these are short, they are represnted by a single symbol
  2. free steady-state vowels:
  1. other things being equal, these are long. They are represented by a symbol plus a length mark [ː], e.g. /iː/
  3. free diphthongs:
  1. other things being equal, these are long. They have tongue movement (and sometimes also lip movement) and are represented by two symbols, e.g. /eɪ/

• Native speaker ans second language?

  native speaker =somone who speaks a langauge as their first language (L1)
  

  • Is acquired effortlessly

  Second language = learnned late rin life (L2), active learning

• The distribution of aspirated fortis stops?

  Aspirated stops occur at the beginning of a stressed syllable and non-aspirated stops occur in all othe positions stressed or unstressed. 
  

  •  Fortis stop at the end of a word and with an s in teh context than there is no aspiration

• Pre-glottalisation (glottal reinforcement)?

  • English syllable-final fortis stops (before another consonant)
  • Phonetic symbol is a upercase questionmark
  • A brief glottal closure before or at the same time as the oral closure
  • Occurs in syllable-final fortis stops, in particular before another consonant
  • E.g. laptop, fat guy, locksmith, watchdog
  • Optionally: syllable-final before pause, /h/ or vowel
  • shorthand, short of money
  • All English accents

• What is the diference between phonetics and phonology?

  Phonetics is teh articulation, acoustics and perception (the can be a feedback loop). The phonology is the structure of sound (this is abstract, each language has it own system and patterns, native speakers have this knowledge and intuitions)

• difference between native and second language?

  Native speaker= somone who speaks a langauge as their first language (L1)
  

  • Is acquired effortlessly

  Second language = learned later in life (L2)
  

  • active learning

• Know were each sound of english is produced and in wich manner?

  See slide

• How is the voice produced and the steps that it goes through?

  • By the larynx, which has the vocal cords that can be manipulated, which lead to a difference in air pressor.
  • The arytenoids are pressed together; the vocal folds are closed (a)

  • Air pressure mounted by the lungs forces the vocal folds to open… (b)

  • Due to the fast air flow, the pressure immediately drops

  • Hence, the glottal folds are pulled together again (c)

  • The cycle has been completed (a)
  • This process repeats itself about 120 (males) or 210 (females) times per second

  • This causes audible vibrations in the air stream: voice

• Difference between fortis and lenis stops, and when each one is used?

  
  Fortis & lenis stops ( whit stops they mean, complete closure of vocal tract that is suddenly released)
  Fortis stops
  

  • /p t k ʧ /
  • energetic articulation
  • voiceless
  • aspirated when initial in stressed syllable
  • pre-glottalised at the end of a syllable when another consonant follows

  
  
  Lenis stops
  

  • /b d ɡ ʤ /
  • weaker articulation
  • potential for voice
  • not aspirated
  • not pre-glottalised