Neuroanatomy - Cranial Nerves & Motor Control of Head and Neck
57 important questions on Neuroanatomy - Cranial Nerves & Motor Control of Head and Neck
Which nervous system are cranial nerves part of?
List all the 12 cranial nerves and indicate whether they are motor, sensory, or both
List all 12 cranial nerves with their names
Oh – Olfactory (I)
Once – Optic (II)
One – Oculomotor (III)
Takes – Trochlear (IV)
The – Trigeminal (V)
Anatomy – Abducens (VI)
Final – Facial (VII)
Very – Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
Good – Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Vacations – Vagus (X)
Are – Accessory (XI)
Heavenly – Hypoglossal (XII)
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How are cranial nerves numbered?
Where do cranial nerve I and II originate?
Where does cranial nerve III to XII originate?
What is the position of cranial nerves III and IV in the brainstem?
What is the position of cranial nerves V to VII in the brainstem?
What is the position of cranial nerves VIII to XII?
Where are the upper motor neurons of corticonuclear tracts located?
Where does the corticonuclear tracts receive input from?
Explain how the UMNs of corticonuclear tracts travel
How do upper motor neurons contact the lower motor neurons of corticonuclear tracts?
For CN VII, corticonuclear fibres controlling muscles of upper facial expressions contact bilaterally while fibres controlling muscles of lower facial expression contact contralaterally
Which cranial nerves are involved in the movement of the eye?
What is the function of CN III (oculomotor)?
- constriction of iris and accommodation of lens
What are the two nuclei of CN III and what are each of their general functions?
2. Edinger-Westphal nucleus - parasympathetic
Where are the oculomotor nucleus and edinger-westphal nucleus located?
Explain how CN III travels
What are the motor and parasympathetic targets of CN III?
1. Superior, inferior, and medial rectus muscle
2. Inferior oblique
3. Levator palpebrae superioris
Parasympathetic targets
1. Sphincter pupillae
2. Ciliary muscle
What is the function of CN IV (trochlear)?
What is the only cranial nerve to emerge from the dorsal aspect of brainstem?
Where is the origin of CN IV and how does it emerge?
What is the nucleus of CN IV?
Which muscles causes extorsion and intorsion of the eyeball?
Superior oblique muscle - intorsion
What is the motor target of CN IV?
1. Superior oblique muscle
What is the function of CN VI (abducens)?
What is the origin of CN VI and where does it emerge to?
What is the nucleus of CN VI?
What is the motor target of CN VI?
1. Lateral rectus muscle
What are the possible assessment methods of CN III, IV, and VI and which muscles are each of the assessments specifically testing?
- extraocular muscle
- levator palpebrae
2. Shine light in one eye (pupillary light reflex)
- sphincter puillae
What is the normal response of the pupillary light reflex in response to shining light in one eye?
What are the symptoms of CN III palsy?
2. Dilation of pupil on affected side
3. Inability to move eye up, down, or in
4. Loss of accommodation for near vision
5. Diplopia - double vision
What are the symptoms of CN IV palsy?
2. Diplopia - double vision
What are the symptoms of CN VI palsy?
2. Usually medially directed eyball
List the three divisions of CN V (trigeminal) with respective functions (sensory, motor, or mixed)
Maxillary - sensory
Mandibular - mixed
What are the motor functions of CN V?
What is the motor nucleus of CN V called and what is its general pathway?
What are the target muscles of CN V?
- masseter (close jaw)
- temporalis (close jaw)
- medial pterygoid (close jaw)
- lateral pterygoid (protrude jaw)
2. Anterior belly of digastric (open jaw)
3. Tensor veli palatini
4. Mylohyoid
5. Tensor tympani
What type of fibres does the lateral and medial root of CN VII (facial nerve) each contain?
Medial root of CN VII - motor fibres
What are the functions of CN VII?
Hearing
Secretion (saliva, tears)
What is the name and origin of the motor nucleus and parasympathetic nucleus of CN VII?
2. Parasympathetic - superior salivatory nucleus - located in pons
What are the motor and parasympathetic targets of CN VII?
1. Muscles of facial expression
2. Posterior belly of digastric (elevation of hyoid bone)
3. Platysma (lower lip grimace, tenses skin of neck)
4. Stylohyoid (elevation of hyoid bone)
5. Stapedius muscle
Parasympathetic targets
1. Submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
2. Lacrimal gland
3. Nasal and oral mucous membranes
What are the symptoms of unilateral UMN damage for CN VII?
What are the symptoms of unilateral LMN damage for CN VII? (Bell's palsy)
- Loss of corneal reflex
- Hyperacousis = loss of control of stapedius muscle
What is the name and origin of the motor and parasympathetic nucleus of the CN IX (glossopharyngeal)?
Parasympathetic nucleus - inferior salivatory nucleus in pons
What are the functions of CN IX?
What are the motor and parasympathetic targets of CN IX?
1. Stylopharyngeus muscle
Parasympathetic target
1. Parotid salivary gland
What is the function of CN X (vagus)?
What is the name and origin of motor and parasympathetic nucleus of CN X?
Parasympathetic nucleus - dorsal motor nucleus in medulla oblongata
What are the motor and parasympathetic targets of CN X?
1. Muscles of soft palate
2. Muscles of pharynx
3. Muscles of larynx
4. Upper part of oesophagus
Parasympathetic targets
1. Cardiovascular system
2. Respiratory system
3. Gastrointestinal system
What are the functions of CN XI (accessory)?
What are the two roots of CN XI (accessory) and what are each of their locations?
2. Spinal root - ventral horn of spinal cord from C1 to C5
What are the targets of each roots of CN XI?
1. Fibres merge with CN X to innervate pharyngeal, laryngeal, and soft palatal muscles
Targets of Spinal Part
1. Sternocleidomastoid
2. Upper 2/3rd of trapezius
What is the function of CN XII (hypoglossal)?
What is the origin of hypoglossal nucleus?
What are the targets of CN XII?
2. Extrinsic muscles of the tongue
What are the symptoms of damage to CN XII?
2. Deviation of tongue to the weak side
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