Neuroanatomy - Special Senses
70 important questions on Neuroanatomy - Special Senses
What forms the olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity?
What type of neurons are olfactory receptors?
What is the first order neuron in the olfactory pathway?
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Where are the dendrites of olfactory receptors located?
What and where do the axons of all olfactory receptor neurons collectively form?
Where do olfactory receptors synapse with second order neurons?
What are mitral cells?
What do axons of mitral cells form?
How does the olfactory tract reach the cortex?
What is the function of the primary olfactory cortex?
What is the function of the association olfactory area?
What does the primary olfactory cortex and the association olfactory area form?
How does the piriform cortex signal other brain areas?
Which area of the brain does the primary olfactory cortex synapse with for odour identification and discrimination?
Which area of the brain does the primary olfactory cortex project to for odour-evoked emotional response?
Why does the primary olfactory/piriform cortex signal the hippocampus via entorhinal cortex?
What is the function of the gustatory pathway?
Where are 10,000 taste buds distributed?
How does the number of taste buds change with age?
How many gustatory receptor cells are in each taste buds on average?
What are the three organisations of taste buds and where are they located?
2. Fungiform papillae - all over tongue
3. Foliate papillae - side of tongue
Which papillae degenerates in early childhood?
What are the 3 cranial nerves involved in the gustatory pathway and where do each of them innervate?
2. Glossopharyngeal (CN IX) - posterior 1/3 of tongue
3. Vagus (CN X) - soft palate, pharynx, and epiglottis
Where do the first-order neurons of the gustatory pathway originate?
Where do the first-order axons of the gustatory pathway synapse?
Where is the gustatory nucleus?
Where do the second-order neurons of the gustatory pathway project to?
What is the function of the third-order neurons in the gustatory pathway?
What is the function of the primary gustatory cortex projecting to the orbitofrontal cortex?
What does the projection of the primary gustatory cortex to the hypothalamus and amygdala do?
What does the projection of the primary gustatory cortex to the hippocampus do?
What are the receptors that are excited by light in the visual pathway?
What is the 1st order neuron that cones and rods signal?
What is the 2nd order neuron that retinal bipolar cells excite?
What do axons of retinal ganglion cells form?
Where are third order neurons of the visual pathway located?
Explain the pathway of 2nd order neurons of the visual pathway to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN).
2. Axons from lateral side of the retina ipsilaterally through optic chiasm, axons from medial side of the retina decussate at optic chiasm
3. Axons continue travelling through optic tract
4. Most axons terminate at lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) in thalamus. Some 2nd order neuron collaterals project to the superior colliculus or pre-tectal nucleus (both in midbrain).
What is the function of 2nd order neuron collaterals in the visual pathway that project to the superior colliculus?
What is the function of 2nd order neuron collaterals in the visual pathway that project to the pre-tectal nucleus?
Explain how the 3rd order neuron synapses with the visual cortex
2. 3rd order neurons travel through optic radiations to terminate at visual cortex
Which portion of the retina processes the lateral portion of visual field?
Which portion of the retina processes the medial portion of the visual field?
What would a lesion in one of the optic nerves (marked as 1) result in?
What would a lesion in the part of the optic nerve (marked as 2) that relays information from the lateral retina result in?
What would a lesion in the optic chiasma (marked as 3) results in?
What would a lesion in the optic tract (marked as 4) result in?
What would a lesion in the optic radiations result in (marked as 5)?
Which pathways have their first order neurons in the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)?
What are the two branches of vestibulcochlear nerve (CN VIII) and what are each of their functions?
2. Vestibular nerve - relays information about position and movement of head
Where are the receptors of the auditory pathway located?
How do 1st order neurons of the auditory pathway synapse with 2nd order neurons?
2. Axons of 1st order neurons form the cochlear branch of CN VIII
3. Cochlear branch of CN VIII synapse with two ipsilateral cochlear nuclei in medulla once it reaches the brainstem
Where do the contralateral axons of the 2nd order neuron project through and to?
Where do the bilateral axons of the 2nd order neuron project to?
What is the purpose of superior olivary nucleus in the auditory pathway?
How does the 2nd order neurons projecting to the superior olivary nucleus continue synapsing?
Where are the 4th order neurons of the auditory pathway located?
How do 4th order neurons synapse with 5th order neurons of the auditory pathway?
Where does the 5th order neuron synapse to once it receives signals from the 4th order neuron?
What is the result of a lesion in the auditory pathway above the cochlear nuclei?
What is the main function of the equilibrium pathway?
Where are receptors of the equilibrium pathway located?
Where does vestibular nuclei receive input from?
2. Eyes
3. Proprioceptors in skeletal muscles
Where is the cell body of the 1st order neurons of the equilibrium pathway located?
What do the axons of the 1st order neurons of the equilibrium pathway form?
Explain how the 1st order neuron continues synapsing in the equilibrium pathway.
2. Some directly synapse in the inferior cerebellar lobe
How do 2nd order neurons of the equilibrium pathway synapse with the cortex?
What is the purpose of signalling extraocular muscles in the equilibrium pathway?
How does the 2nd order neuron of the equilibrium pathway synapse with extraocular muscles?
What is the purpose of signalling the motor nuclei of accesory nerve and the vestibulospinal tract in the equilibrium pathway?
How do 2nd order neurons of the equilibrium pathway synapse with the motor nucleus of the accessory nerve and vestibulospinal tract?
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