Summary: Oenology

Read the summary and the most important questions on Oenology

• 1 Oenology

• 1.2 Appellations

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• Why winemakers decide to leave PGI or PDO?

  The rules are too rigid, and they can't use all the grapes, so they decide to leave. They became more popular by breaking the rules. It's also difficult because you lose the collective reputation.
  Example: "super Tuscan," they broke the rules, they used international grapes, they used the appellation, but they became more popular.

• Why Grand Cru are always in the middle

  
  

  1. Sun-->better angle for sunshine (photosynthesis).
  2. Rain-->more drained 
  3. Soil richer in calcaries (limestone) on top, more alluvials (much more water because you are in a plain).
  4. Better protection against wind.

• What is the appellation system from Australia?

  GI=Geographical Indications

• 1.3 Red wine production process

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• Light bodied red wine process (2)

  Cold maceration
  

  1. Adding frozen carbon dioxide gas directly inside the tank-->they avoid high temperature and preserve fruity aromas. 

• Light bodied red wine (compact version)

  
  

  1. Harvest red grapes
     
  2. Stems or destemming
     
  3. Crush: create pomace
     
  4. Solids form cap
     
  5. Maceration: extract tannins
     
  6. Fermentation: soak must
     
  7. Pumping over (remontage)
     
  8. Five-ten days duration
     
  9. Temperature 18°C-24°C
     
  10. Filter free-run wine
      
  11. Press the cap
      
  12. Obtain pressed wine
      
  13. Malolactic fermentation starts
      
  14. Racked: remove sediments
      
  15. Fining: clarify color
      
  16. Final wine filtering
      
  17. Add preserving sulfites
      

• 1.4 Grape Harvest

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• How do winemakers harvest grapes? (manually)

  
  

  1. More precise-->selecting the best ones.
     
  2. More expensive and more time needed 
  3. Difficult to hire people.

• How do winemakers harvest grapes? (automatically)

  
  

  1. Process faster and cheaper.
     
  2. Not as precise as a manual.
  3. Sometimes damaged during the harvest.
  4. In Switzerland it's almost impossible to harvest by machine-->slopes

• What are the factors that will determine the harvest date?

  The 3 main factors
  

  1. Weather conditions 
  2. White or red grape
  3. Variety of grape

• The factors that will determine the harvest date (Global waming)

  Global warming effects

  1. Harvests take place earlier than before
  2. Acidity level decreases
  3. Sugar level increases faster

• Harvest for light bodied white

  
  

  1. White grapes are harvested first
     
  2. End of August or at the beginning of September
  3. High level of acidity to maintain