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Summary: Pathophysiology Of Heart & Circulatory System
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Read the summary and the most important questions on Pathophysiology of Heart & Circulatory System
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1 Lecture 1 - Cardiac energetics
This is a preview. There are 16 more flashcards available for chapter 1
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Where in the circulation is the greatest oxygen pressure drop, and what are (roughly) the differences in oxygen pressure (mmHg)?
- Greatest pressure drop: in systemic circulation
- PO2 from lungs to left heart to tissue: 105-100
- PO2 from systemic circulation to right heart to lungs: 40 - 15 (lowest upon exercise). -
What are the differences in blood pressure in the circulation?
- From LV to systemic circulation: 120/80
- From systemic circulation back to heart: 25/4 -
At what four processes in the body is oxygen flow regulated?
1. Ventilation (breathing)
2. O2 diffusion in lungs
3. Cardiac function (among others determined by O2 content in arterial blood - O2 content in venous blood)
4. O2 diffusion in muscles (or other tissue?) -
What units do muscles consist of?
- bundles of muscle fibers
- muscle fibers consist of myofibrils -
What is the smallest unit of the muscle, and what does it require?
- the sarcomere (contractile unit),
- which requires ATP -
How does muscle contraction work?
Stimulus →depolarization →Ca2 + influx (passive, along gradient) →Ca2 + binds to troponin →tropomyosin & myosin bind to actin → musclecontraction . -
Why is ATP needed for the contraction of sarcomeres, and where does this ATP come from?
- ATP is needed for the reuptake of Ca2+,
- and this ATP mostly comes from the mitochondria -
What is measured in a cardiopulmonary exercise test?
-VO2 (max),
- which is themaximum rate of oxygenconsumption attainable duringphysical exertion (e.g. endurance)
- In this test, the expected VO2(max) is compared to the actual VO2(max). -
How do people with cardiac failure typically perform on a cardiopulmonary exercise test?
Their VO2 is quite low. -
When is the 'atrial kick' more pronounced?
When the heart is more stiff (because it's harder for the atria to fill the ventricles).
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