Summary: Physiology

Read the summary and the most important questions on PHYSIOLOGY

• 1 Introduction to Physiology and Homeostasis

• 1.2 Levels of Organization in the body

• What do we gain by knowing the levels of organisation in the body, what does it tell us?

  how the body is structurally organized into a functional system to sustain life

• What are the 6 levels that the body is organised into?

  Chemical
  Cellular
  Tissue
  Organ
  Body systems
  Organism

• 1.2.1 The chemical level: Various atoms and molecules make up the body.

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• What are the 4 biomolecules of life that arise from O,C,H&N atoms?

  Proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and nucleic acid

• 1.2.2 The cellular level: Cells are the basic units of life.

• When O, C, H & N and proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and nucleic acid come together through some process what is created is what is referred to as the most basic functional unit of life? 

  Cells

• Organisms, living things, can be simple/complex multicellular or single cellular. Are humans multi or single celled? What are they complex or simple and how come? 

  Humans are complex multi cellular organisms because the human body carries out different functions instead of a single one. Therefore that'll require different cells. The differentiation of the different cells of the human body beings during embryonic development  

• 1.2.2.2 specialised cell functions

• Specialised functions are additional specific things on top of the basic jobs each cell has to do. They are found in complex multicellular organisms to support the survival of the body. What are these 5 functions?

  Protein-synthesizing
  Secretion, endocrine cells
  Retaining and eliminating unwanted substances, in kidney cells
  Muscle contraction, inmuscle cells
  electrical impulses, in nerve cells

• 1.2.3 The tissue level: Tissues are groups of cells of similar specialization.

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• How are tissues created and what are the 4 primary tissues?

  Cells of similar structure and specialized function combine to form tissues
  Muscle (skeletal, cardiac & smooth), nervous, epithelial, and connective

• What does skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle tissue do?

  Skeletal moves the skeleton
  cardiac muscle, which pumps blood out of the heart
  smooth muscle, which controls movement of contents through hollow tubes and organs

• What purpose do nervous tissues serve and where are nervous tissue commonly found?

  Transmit electrical impulses to relay information (communitcation to  coordinate, and control processes) from one part of the body to another)
  
  brain, spinal cord, nerves.

• What purpose does epithelial tissue serve? What are the 2 types of epithelial structures?

  Protection, a boundary that separates the body from its surroundings
  Absorption, epithelial cells are specialized for taking in needed materials, such as the cells lining the small intestine that absorb nutrients
  Secretion It is involved in the release of specific products like enzymes or hormones that have been produced by the cell, 
  Epithelial sheets, These are layers of tightly joined cells that cover or line various parts of the body, 
  secretory glands (endocrine and exocrine), epithelial tissue specialized for secretion into the body or out to the environment