Biosynthesis

30 important questions on Biosynthesis

Why is anabolism not the same is biosynthesis?

Since anabolism is the collection of all biosynthesis pathways

What are the most important periodic elements needed for growth?

Carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen and phosphate

What is the Calvin cycle?

Carboxylation reaction that fixes CO2 from ribulose 1,5-biphosphate
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How much carbon molecules does the Calvin cycle obtain?

30 molecules

What is the reverse TCA cycle (rTCA cycle)?

A series of chemical reactions by which organisms produce carbon compounds from carbon dioxide and water.

Why are there no additional adaptations needed to run the C4-stage of TCA cycle in reductive (reverse) direction?

Because C4-stage reactions of the TCA cycle are readily reversible

What is used instead of NADH in the rTCA cycle?

Ferredoxin (Fd)

Why is the rTCA cycle is more energy efficient than the Calvin cycle?

It only requires 10 ATP to fix 6 CO2 into one molecule of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate instead of 18 ATP

How much ATP is needed in the Calvin cycle to fix 1 CO2?

3 ATP

What are two examples of unique enzymes in the rTCA?

A-ketoglutarate synthase and pyruvate synthase, which catalyze the reductive fixation of CO2 using electrons supplied by Fdred

What is nitrogen fixation?

A process that converts atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into a biologically useful form, like ammonia (NH4)

Why is atmospheric nitrogen very stable?

Its strong triple bond

What enzyme converts N2 into NH4?

Nitrogenase

Of what two proteins is the nitrogenase composed?

Dinitrogenase reductase and dinitrogenase

What is the function of the dinitrogenase reductase?

It recieves electrons, hydrolyses ATP and transfers electrons one at a time

What is the function of dinitrogenase?

It accepts electrons and reduces N2 to NH4

What two main pathways are there for assimilating nitrogen?

Glutamate dehydrogenase pathway and GS-GOGAT cycle

What is the glutamate dehydrogenase pathway?

A biochemical route involved in the reversible conversion between glutamate and α-ketoglutarate

What is the GS-GOGAT cycle?

A biochemical pathway for assimilating ammonia (NH₃) into organic nitrogen compounds.

For what can glutamate serve as a NH3 donor?

Amino acid synthesis

Why does Arginine negatively regulate the N-acetylglutamase synthase?

Because this is a very energy intensive process

What is the only amino acids that is converted from Ribose-5-phosphate?

Histidine

How are polysaccharides synthesized?

From activated forms of hexoses

What does a peptidoglycan consist of?

Two sugars and five amino acids

Of what two components do phospholipids consist?

A hydrophobic and hydrophillic component

What does the hydrophobic component consist of?

Fatty acid tails

What does the hydrophillic component consist of?

Glycerophosphate and a functional group

What is the amino group of amino acids typically derived from?

An inorganic nitrogen source, such as ammonia

Which amino acid familes are derived from the glycolysis?

Alanine, serine and aromatic family

Which amino acids are derived from the TCA cycle?

Glutamate and aspartate

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