Oestrous behaviour, copulation and ejaculation (mare)
9 important questions on Oestrous behaviour, copulation and ejaculation (mare)
Oestrus behaviour of a female?
- restless
- lordosis
- climbing
- standing
- urinating
- a swollen vulva is a sign of estrus
- pheromones
- you cannot smell them, but it changes the behaviour of the males.
The males detect the oestrous behaviour of a female by visual, smelling, hearing and touching.
Mares oestrous behaviour?
- during early estrus bladder epithelial cells are released in the urine -> the epithelial cells make the urine not transparent anymore.
- The mare shows different estrus signs:
- standing
- noisy
- smells a lot
- urinates (not transparent)
- shows external sex apparatus -> opening and closing of the vulva
- often as a pavlov-reflex when the sound of a trailer is noticed
Ejaculation of a male? How does this occure?
- Penis intromission causes extra tactile stimulus
- Afferent neuron guides stimulus to lower vertebrae
- A motor neuron is stimulated
- This stimulates the urethralis, de bulbospongiuous and the isthiocavernic muscles.
- These muscles contract fast so that sperm will be pumped into the female
- 3 muscles contractions for the ejaculation
- female skin needs to be see and touched
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The requirements of the semen for AI (artificialinsemination)?
- free of contagious organisms, pathogens, infections
- high quantity
- good storageability
- good fertilizing capacity
- high genetic value
- All the requirements are checked
The injection of the sperm in the female genitals leads to?
- back flow
- cervix passage
- capture of sperm in crypts
- filter for immobile and abnormal sperm (not proven)
- role sulfomucines and sialomucines for selected sperm transport
- change in mucus in the cervix and uterus
- phagocytosis in the uterus
- when there is ovulation phagocytosis is not effectively taken place
- initiation of capacitation in the oviduct
- binding uncapacitated sperm
- after some time release of capacitated sperm
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The interaction of female and the male -> precopulatory, copulatory and postcopulatory behaviour, step 1 to 5?
- Sensory
- visual, tactile, auditory
- hypothalamus
- estrogen receptors -> estrogen increase -> increase nerve excitability
- nuerons produce behavior specific peptides
- midbrain
- receiving zone for hypothalamic peptides
- speeds up impulses
- medulla
- integrates postural adaptation for lordosis and mounting
- spinal cord
- generates signals to specific muscles for lordosis and mounting
The stimuli and actions to transport the sperm cells to the epididymis, step 1 to 4?
- Sensory stimulation
- stimulation of nerves in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
- release of oxytocin form posterior pituitary
- contractions of smooth m
ucle in distal tail of epididymis and ductus deferens
- transport of spermatozoa into an ejaculatory position
The stimuli and actions to get an erection, step 1 to 4:
- Intromission
- sensory stimulation of glans penis (temperat
ure and pressure)
- sudden and powerful contraction of urethralis, bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus muscles
- expulsion of semen
- males with neuron damage can have excitement but no erection
The different assisted conception techniques (4)
- IVF = The spermcells swim the the oocyte invitro
- ZD = The zona pellucida is taken away with a laser, this lead to an easier way of the sperm cell to penetrate the oocyte.
- SUZI = Subzonal insemination, used if a woman's eggs have a shell which is too hard or difficult to penetrate
- ICSI = Intracytoplasmic sperm injection, injection of 1 spermatozoa in the centre of the oocyte.
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