Read the summary and the most important questions on Samenvatting Leadership

• 1 Leadership theories

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• Which 4 Leadership styles are there from older approaches?

  The ‘Great Man’ theories
  The trait approach
  The behavioral approach
  The contingency approach

• Which 4 Leadership styles are there from newer approaches?

  LMX (Leader-member exchange)
  Transformational leadership
  Authentic leadership
  Charismatic leadership

• What is the Behavioral approach and how does it differ from the trait approach? Also: what are the two different behaviors according to Blake and Mouton?

  Differs from traits in the sense that behavior can be learned and traits are mostly genetical. Two main different behaviors of leaders are: task-oriented and relation-oriented.

• What is the Contingency approach, 3 things to measure, and who invented it?

  According to Fiedler leadership, situational favorability can be measured by three things, namely:
  Task structure
  Leader position power
  Quality of leader-member relations

• On which variables depends the Hersey-Blanchard model of leadership and when is task-oriented leadership or relation-oriented leadership preferred.

  -Job maturity: subordinate’s job-related ability, skills, and knowledge.
  -Psychological maturity: the self-confidence and self-respect of the subordinate.
  At low levels of these two, task-oriented leadership is preferred, otherwise at high levels relation-oriented leadership is preferred.

• Leader-member exchange (LMX) theory: differentiates two types of relationships:

  1. In-group members: have high-quality relationships with their leader and high latitude for negotiating their work roles; rare use of formal power or authority.
  2. Out-group members: have low-quality relationships with their leader and little latitude for negotiating their work roles; leader relies on formal power and authority.

• What are the 4 different factors to transformational leadership?

  1. Idealized influence (charisma): behavior that increases follower identification with the leader, such as setting an example of courage and making self-sacrifices to benefit followers.
  2. Inspirational motivation: communicating an appealing vision, and using symbols to focus subordinate effort.
  3. Intellectual stimulation: behavior that influences followers to view problems from a new perspective and look for more creative solutions.
  4. Individualized consideration: providing support, encouragement, and coaching to followers.

• 1.1 Full-range theory of leadership

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• What is the full-range theory of leadership and what are the 5 leadership styles from active to passive and effective to ineffective?

  It's organized around 2 different dimensions. Passive to active and ineffective to effective.
  1. Transformational
  2. Contingent reward
  3. Active management by exception
  4. Passive management by exception
  5. Laissez faire

• What is authentic leadership and what are the 4 characteristics?

  Leading with integrity and genuineness and not projecting an artificial persona.
  - Self-awareness
  - Relational transparency
  - Balanced processing
  - Internalized moral perspective

• What is charismatic leadership and what are the 5 characteristics?

  Leaders that have a personal attribute that almost hypnotizes followers and compels them to identify with and emulate the leader.
  
  Characteristics of charismatic leaders:
  - Vision and articulation: has a vision that proposes a future better than the status quo.
  - Personal risk: willing to take on high personal risk and self-sacrifice.
  - Sensitive to followers’ needs: communicates high expectations and expressing optimism and confidence in followers.
  - Unconventional behavior: regarded as exemplary, novel and counter to norms.
  - Communication: including symbols, slogans, imagery and metaphors.