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• Thermodynamic Equilibrium

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• What is the difference between an open, closed and isolated system?

  In an open system there is exchange of mass and energy.
  In a closed system there is exchange of energy.
  In an insolated system there is no exchange.

• What are extensive variables?

  Extensive variables scale linearly with the system. They are dependent on the amount of matter in the system.

• What are examples of extensive variables?

  V(L), H(J), G(J), E(J), n(mol), N(#particles)

• What are intensive variables?

  Intensive variables are independent of the size of the system. They do not depend on the amount of matter present.

• What is the second fundamental equation describing the change in internal energy?

   

• How can the Gibbs free energy be minimal and the entropy maximal when the system is in equilibrium?

  The entropy is maximal in an isolated system, which means there is no exchange in matter. There is however an exchange in energy and volume, which makes it possible for the Gibbs' free energy to be minimal.

• By what variables is the entropy described?

  The entropy S is a function of the internal energy E, the volume of the system V, and the number of molecules N.

• Does dying from old age follow from the second law of thermodynamics?

  No, while living our entropy goes down as long as the entropy of the environment goes up, we can live forever.

• What happens to the entropy when a two phase system is in equilibrium?

  The sum of the entropy of both phases is maximal. Indicating that the sum of the derivatives is 0. dSg + dSl = 0.

• In a one component system at phase equilibrium, what variables are equal?

  This is called the equilibrium equality.