Sleep and psychiatry
118 important questions on Sleep and psychiatry
What are the main psychiatric disorders discussed in this chapter?
This chapter covers:
- Eating disorders: Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder
- Personality disorders: Primarily borderline personality disorder
- Developmental disorders: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and Asperger syndrome
What is the relationship between sleep disorders and anxiety disorders?
A strong bidirectional relationship exists:
- Common risk genes and neurotransmitters (e.g., GABA, acetylcholine)
- Shared psychological mechanisms like hyperarousal and rumination
- Sleep disorders can lead to anxiety and vice versa.
How are eating disorders defined and what are their main characteristics?
Eating disorders are characterized by:
- Altered food consumption behavior
- Excessive preoccupation with body weight and shape
- Associated health impairments
- Examples include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder
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What are core symptoms of affective disorders, and how are they manifested?
Core symptoms involve:
- Changes in mood
- Alterations in psychomotor drive
- Changes in interest
- Manifest as episodes of depression and mania or hypomania
How does sleep impact emotion regulation in individuals with anxiety disorders?
Adequate sleep is critical for emotion regulation. Disturbed sleep can lead to:
- Emotional distress
- Difficulties in emotional control
- Impaired fear conditioning and extinction.
What sleep disturbances are commonly associated with eating disorders?
Patients with eating disorders often experience:
- Insomnia symptoms
- Increased sleep onset latency
- Increased wake time after sleep onset
- Possible association with comorbid depression
What is the relationship between sleep disorders and schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs)?
Research indicates that:
- Insomnia and nightmares are common in patients with SSDs.
- Over half of the patients experience insomnia.
- Insomnia can contribute to psychotic symptoms like delusions and hallucinations.
- CBT for sleep disorders shows promising results in improving both sleep and psychotic symptoms.
What relationships exist between affective disorders and sleep disorders?
Key relationships include:
- High co-morbidity rates with insomnia, hypersomnia,
- Unstable sleep-wake rhythm
- Insomnia identified as an independent risk factor for new depression onset.
What role does insomnia play in the development of anxiety disorders?
Insomnia is a significant risk factor for anxiety disorders:
- Contributes to de novo onset
- Presence of anxiety increases insomnia risk
- Approximately 45% prevalence of insomnia complaints.
What is sexsomnia and its implications in legal cases?
Sexsomnia is characterized by:
- Automatic sexual behavior during sleep
- Individuals usually do not recall episodes
- It can complicate legal cases of sexual assault
- Possible acquittal due to lack of consciousness
What are the main features of substance use disorders?
Features include:
- Involvement of substances like alcohol, opioids, cannabinoids, cocaine, stimulants, hallucinogens, and/or tobacco/nicotine.
- Distinct stages: single use, intoxication, harmful use, dependence, withdrawal, relapse.
- Impact on sleep and wakefulness is common.
How prevalent are sleep disorders in patients with non-affective psychosis?
Sleep disorders are highly prevalent:
- More than half of patients with non-affective psychosis have insomnia.
- Approximately half report experiencing regular nightmares.
- Many patients have multiple co-occurring sleep disorders.
What does the current guideline suggest for treating insomnia in affected individuals?
Treatment recommendations include:
- Use of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I)
- Considered first-line treatment
- Applies even when insomnia is comorbid with other mental disorders.
Which treatment is recommended for both insomnia and anxiety disorders?
The treatment of choice for both conditions is cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT):
- Effective in addressing underlying issues
- Can improve sleep quality
- Reduces anxiety symptoms.
What are the predominant sleep issues identified in borderline personality disorder?
Patients often exhibit:
- Insomnia
- Circadian rhythm sleep disorders
- Increased REM disinhibition
- Altered sleep architecture
What is the relationship between sleep disturbances and mental disorders according to Tiina Paunio's overview?
- Symptoms of disturbed sleep are common in mental disorders.
- The relationship between sleep traits and psychopathology is complex and not well understood.
- Individual responses vary, making tailored treatment essential.
- Sleep characteristics are key in managing mental disorders.
How do substance use and sleep disorders interact?
Interactions include:
- Sleep disorder symptoms may lead to increased substance use as self-medication.
- Specific substances can cause or worsen sleep disorders.
- Screening for sleep disorders can enhance care for substance use disorders.
What are the notable findings related to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for sleep disorders in psychosis?
Key findings include:
- CBT adapted for psychosis can improve sleep quality.
- Patients show high interest in sleep treatments.
- Small improvements in paranoia and hallucinations observed.
- Moderate improvements in paranoia are linked to treating nightmares.
Describe the significance of sleep-related interventions in affective disorders.
Sleep-related interventions can:
- Provide anti-depressant effects
- Include methods like therapeutic sleep deprivation and chronotherapy
- Offer insights into the pathogenesis of affective disorders.
What neurotransmitters are involved in sleep and anxiety disorders?
Several neurotransmitters are significant, including:
- Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the main inhibitory neurotransmitter
- Acetylcholine
- Dopamine, linked to emotional control.
What is the relationship between ADHD and sleep phase delay syndrome?
ADHD typically involves a:
- Prevalence of >70% for sleep phase delay syndrome
- Debate on causality: disorder, consequence, or common aetiology
- Sleep disturbances include insomnia symptoms
What are the learning objectives outlined in the overview regarding sleep and mental health?
- Understand the link between sleep and mental health.
- Recognize individual vulnerability to disrupted sleep effects.
- Acknowledge the variety of sleep symptoms and their fluctuations.
- Comprehend the importance of treating sleep disorders with mental comorbidities.
What is the prevalence of alcohol use in the USA and Europe?
Findings include:
- 65% of the general US population consumes alcohol.
- 5% report abuse, 4% report dependence.
- Similar rates appear in Europe, with 32.5% globally being current drinkers.
What are the characteristics of schizophrenia as a schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD)?
Schizophrenia is characterized by:
- Presence of psychotic symptoms (delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech).
- Lifetime prevalence rate of 4 in every 1,000 people.
- Ranked 15th in global burden of disease due to its severity.
What are common symptoms in unipolar depression?
Common symptoms include:
- Depressed mood
- Anhedonia
- Loss of energy
- Disturbed sleep
- Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
- Recurrent thoughts of death.
How does rapid eye movement (REM) sleep relate to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
In PTSD, fragmented REM sleep is common and may lead to:
- Increased arousal during REM
- Maintenance of symptoms
- Disrupted emotion regulation processes.
Describe the characteristics of night eating syndrome (NES).
NES is defined by:
- More than 25% of daily food intake occurring at night
- Irresistible eating urges after sleep onset
- Often results in excessive carbohydrate intake
- High comorbidity with binge eating disorder
How does insufficient sleep impact mental health?
- Insufficient sleep can impair psychological functioning.
- Long-term effects include increased risk of mental diseases.
- Experimental studies demonstrate sleep deprivation leads to mood issues, anxiety, and emotional instability.
- Variability in responses exists based on individual factors.
How does acute alcohol intake affect sleep?
Immediate effects include:
- Decreased sleep latency and increased NREM sleep during the first half of the night.
- Alcohol acts as an over-the-counter sleep aid.
- Disruptions occur in the second half of the night and REM sleep.
What role does sleep disruption play in psychotic experiences?
Sleep disruption has been documented as:
- A historical problem for individuals with psychosis.
- Linked to the emergence of psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions.
- A focus area for treatment, as targeting sleep issues can help manage psychosis complexity.
How is mania characterized in bipolar disorder?
Mania includes:
- Distinctly elevated mood
- Accompanied by grandiosity
- Distractibility
- Elevated psychomotor drive
- Reduced sleep need that lasts at least 1 week.
What are the key symptoms of anxiety disorders?
Anxiety disorders typically feature:
- Excessive, inappropriate anxiety
- Symptoms like panic attacks
- Fear in contexts like social situations or defined stimuli.
How does sleep affect individuals with borderline personality disorder according to studies?
Sleep disturbances impact recovery, showing:
- Non-recovered patients have worse sleep
- Greater maladaptive sleep-related cognitions
- Psychotherapy can improve sleep onset latency and arousals
What key hormones involved in food intake are dysregulated in eating disorders?
Key hormones affected include:
- Melatonin
- Orexin
- Ghrelin
- Leptin
- Obestatin
What findings have sleep laboratory studies shown regarding sleep deprivation?
- Sleep deprivation leads to negative psychological consequences.
- Short-term effects vary, but long-term can result in acute psychosis.
- Symptoms include sleepiness, fatigue, anxiety, and mood disturbances.
- Distorted perception and complex symptoms emerge after extended sleep loss.
What are the chronic effects of alcohol use on sleep?
Chronic effects include:
- Diminished GABAergic inhibition and altered receptor structures.
- Increased sleep onset latency and disrupted sleep-wake rhythm.
- Higher nocturnal wakefulness and daytime sleepiness.
What is the significance of sleep disorder discussions in clinical settings for patients with psychosis?
Important aspects include:
- Only half of patients’ sleep disorders are discussed with clinicians.
- Clinicians often rely on informal assessments rather than validated tools.
- Increased awareness of sleep disorders can lead to more effective interventions.
What genetic insights have been discovered about affective disorders?
Genetic insights reveal:
- Higher heritability for bipolar disorder (75%) than for unipolar depression (37%)
- Shared genetic influences with sleep traits
- Potential for sleep traits to guide treatment and follow-up.
What is the significance of sleep for emotion control in anxiety disorders?
Sleep impacts emotional control by:
- Regulating neurotransmitter function
- Affecting amygdala activity
- Facilitating processes like fear conditioning and extinction.
What are the effects of chronically insufficient sleep on mental health according to epidemiological studies?
- Chronic insomnia significantly increases risks for depression and anxiety.
- Insomnia symptoms like trouble initiating sleep are critical risk factors.
- Poor sleep quality is linked to life dissatisfaction and mood regulation.
- Treatment of insomnia may prevent or alleviate comorbid mental disorders.
What is the prevalence of sleep disturbances in patients with alcohol-use disorders?
Findings reveal:
- Increased prevalence of sleep disturbances, with over 50% reporting insomnia.
- Higher rates of sleep-disordered breathing, PLMS, and parasomnia.
- Insomnia correlates with psychosocial issues and mental disorders.
How are sleep disorders typically assessed among patients with psychosis?
Assessment challenges include:
- Many clinicians do not routinely conduct sleep assessments.
- Discussions about sleep often occur informally.
- This may result in missed opportunities for effective treatment.
What are common sleep disturbances in mood disorders?
Common sleep disturbances involve:
- Insomnia or hypersomnia
- Abnormal circadian rhythms
- High prevalence of sleep complaints among patients
What is the relationship between sleep disorders and anxiety disorders?
A bidirectional relationship exists, meaning:
- Sleep disorders can lead to anxiety disorders.
- Anxiety disorders increase the risk for sleep disorders.
- Shared mechanisms include neurotransmitters and hyperarousal.
What types of psychiatric disorders are discussed in this chapter?
The chapter covers:
- Eating disorders
- Personality disorders
- Developmental disorders
- Their relationship with sleep disorders is less researched compared to other disorders.
What role does chronotype play in mental health?
- Chronotype affects optimal sleep timing and regulates well-being.
- Evening chronotypes are associated with increased health risks and poor mental health.
- Changes in chronotype occur with age but remain relatively stable.
- Shifting sleep timing can improve mood and performance.
What treatments are recommended for insomnia in patients with alcohol-use disorders?
Recommended treatments include:
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I).
- Behavioral therapies have shown positive effects.
- Gabapentin and quetiapine may help but are not generally recommended for insomnia.
What has historically been viewed as the cause of sleep disruption in schizophrenia?
Traditionally viewed as either:
- Secondary consequence of psychosis
- An epiphenomenon
- Ongoing research challenges this perspective
What are the core symptoms associated with affective disorders?
Core symptoms include:
- Changes in mood
- Changes in psychomotor drive
- Changes in interest
- Episodes of depression and mania or hypomania
What common neurotransmitters are involved in both sleep and anxiety disorders?
Key neurotransmitters include:
- Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
- Acetylcholine
- Dopamine
Which three eating disorders are identified as the most common?
The three most common are:
- Anorexia nervosa
- Bulimia nervosa
- Binge eating disorder
How does mistimed light affect circadian rhythms?
- Misalignment of light with circadian phase disrupts sleep.
- Factors include shift work, travel across time zones, and social jet lag.
- These disruptions link to negative health outcomes.
- Psychological symptoms include mood disturbances and anxiety.
How does alcohol use affect sleep-disordered breathing?
Effects include:
- Alcohol can relax upper airway muscles, causing obstruction and worsening snoring/SDB.
- Recommendations for treatment are similar to SDB without substance use.
- Cessation can improve SDB significantly.
What is a significant finding regarding insomnia in relation to psychotic symptoms?
Research indicates that:
- Insomnia is causally related to psychotic symptoms
- Over half of patients with non-affective psychosis experience insomnia
- Sleep disorders can exacerbate psychotic experiences
How prevalent are major depression and bipolar disorder among adults in Europe?
The 12-month prevalence rates are:
- Major depression: 6.9%
- Bipolar disorder: 0.9%
What is the impact of insomnia on anxiety disorders?
Insomnia can function as a:
- Risk factor for the emergence of anxiety disorders.
- Complication affecting existing anxiety disorders.
How do eating disorders relate to circadian rhythm sleep disorders?
Eating disorders often correlate with:
- Circadian rhythm sleep disorders
- Altered hormone secretion patterns
- Unclear causal relationships with abnormal eating behavior
What findings are associated with shift work and mental health?
- Shift work commonly results in sleep problems and mental health issues.
- Women are particularly affected, with increased risk of depression.
- Genetic factors influence tolerance to shift work.
- Irregular schedules pose additional challenges.
What is the impact of cannabis on sleep?
Impacts of cannabis include:
- THC decreases sleep latency for many but can increase it at high doses.
- Sedative effects may persist into the following day, increasing daytime sleepiness.
- Withdrawal often brings anxiety, restlessness, vivid dreams, and insomnia.
How are cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) adaptations relevant to psychosis?
CBT adaptations are relevant because they:
- Optimize treatment for insomnia and nightmares
- Are tested in pilot randomized controlled trials
- Show promising effects on sleep and psychotic symptoms
What sleep disturbances are commonly associated with affective disorders?
Common sleep disturbances include:
- Insomnia
- Hypersomnia
- Unstable sleep-wake rhythm
- Delayed sleep phase
What role does sleep play in emotion regulation?
Sleep is essential for:
- Emotion regulation
- Emotional learning, including fear conditioning and extinction
What characterizes borderline personality disorder?
Borderline personality disorder is marked by:
- Affective instability
- Impulsivity
- Identity issues
- Self-injury and interpersonal problems
What are the frequently observed symptoms of disturbed sleep in individuals with mental disorders?
Symptoms include:
- insomnia
- hypersomnia
- instability of the sleep-wake rhythm
- frequent nightmares
How are insomnia and cannabinoid-use disorders related?
Relationships include:
- Insomnia as a relapse risk factor for cannabis users.
- Approximately 65% report poor sleep as a primary reason for relapse.
- Treatment recommendations for insomnia in these cases are generally lacking.
What is the prevalence of insomnia among non-affective psychosis patients?
Insomnia affects over half of the patients with:
- Non-affective psychosis
- Approximately 50% also experience regular nightmares
- Co-occurrence of sleep disorders is common
What role does insomnia play in the onset of depression?
Insomnia is an independent risk factor for:
- De novo onset of depression
- Persistence after a depressive episode, predicting relapse
How prevalent are sleep difficulties in older adults with anxiety disorders?
In older adults, approximately:
- 45% report sleep difficulties.
- Sleep disorders correlated with anxiety disorders persist across age groups.
What sleep disturbances are associated with borderline personality disorder?
Patients with borderline personality disorder may experience:
- Insomnia
- Circadian rhythm sleep disorders
- REM sleep disinhibition
How does sleep insufficiency impact psychological functioning?
Insufficient sleep leads to:
- Impaired psychological functioning
- Increased risk of mental diseases
- Negative effects on mood and emotional health
What is known about opioid-induced effects on sleep?
Opioids affect sleep by:
- Binding to specific receptors which influence analgesia and sedation.
- Variations in effects depending on receptor class and agonist/antagonist status.
- Chronic use can lead to significant alterations in sleep patterns.
What are the common sleep disorders in patients with schizophrenia?
The most common sleep disorders include:
- Insomnia
- Nightmares
- Potentially increased prevalence of sleep apnea
What is the recommended treatment for insomnia in patients with mood disorders?
The first-line treatment is:
- Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I)
- Effective even when comorbid with other mental disorders
What type of sleep disturbances are common in PTSD?
Patients with PTSD often experience:
- Fragmented rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
- Increased arousal during REM sleep
What short-term effects does sleep deprivation have on psychological functions?
Short-term effects include:
- feelings of sleepiness
- fatigue
- lowered mood
- increased anxiety
What are the distinct stages of substance use disorders (SUD)?
Stages of SUD include:
- Single use
- Intoxication
- Harmful patterns
- Dependence
- Withdrawal
- Relapse
What effect do CBT interventions have on psychotic symptoms?
CBT interventions may lead to:
- Small improvements in paranoia
- Moderate improvements in paranoia when treating nightmares
- Enhanced overall sleep quality
How are sleep and affective disorders interrelated according to recent findings?
Sleep disturbances:
- Are significantly common in affective disorders
- Can be an early symptom
- Influence pathogenesis of both syndromes
How does cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) function in treating anxiety disorders?
CBT is the preferred treatment method for:
- Insomnia
- Anxiety disorders
What is the prevalence of night eating syndrome (NES)?
The estimated prevalence of NES is:
- 3% in young students
- High comorbidity with binge eating disorder (33%)
What symptoms can emerge from extended total sleep loss?
Extended sleep loss leads to:
- Distorted perception
- Increased anxiety
- Possible hallucinations
- Acute psychosis symptoms
How does substance use relate to sleep disorders?
The relationship includes:
- Increased substance use as self-medication for sleep disorders
- Development of dependence or relapse risk
- Substance effects can worsen existing sleep disorders
What is one notable statistic about patient uptake of sleep therapy?
Patients demonstrate high eagerness for sleep treatment, with:
- High uptake rate
- High satisfaction with sleep therapy outcomes
- Increased completion of therapy sessions
What characterizes bipolar disorder compared to unipolar depression?
Key characteristics include:
- Recurrent episodes of mania and depression
- More severe depressive episodes
- Higher risk for suicide
What symptoms define anxiety disorders?
Key symptoms include:
- Excessive and inappropriate anxiety
- Fear of future situations
- Interaction of fear with avoidance behaviors
How does attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) relate to sleep disorders?
ADHD is linked to:
- Delayed sleep phase syndrome
- Prevalence of sleep disturbances >70%
- Uncertainty regarding whether sleep issues are a cause or symptom
What is the impact of chronic insomnia on mental health?
Chronic insomnia is associated with:
- Increased risk of depression and anxiety
- Aggravation of comorbid mental disorders
- Potential for psychotic symptoms
What is the prevalence of alcohol consumption in the general US population?
According to NESARC:
- 65% report alcohol use
- 5% report abuse
- 4% report dependence
How does schizophrenia rank in global disease burden?
Despite its low prevalence, schizophrenia is:
- Ranked 15th in global burden of disease
- Noted for high severity and persistence
- Important for research and treatment focus
What is the prevalence of insomnia disorder in patients with major depression?
The prevalence is approximately:
- 45% in patients with major depressive disorder
- 24% in patients with bipolar disorder
Why is REM sleep important for emotional experiences?
REM sleep is thought to:
- Strengthen memory of emotional events
- Decrease emotional arousal from these events
What are common sleep disturbances found in children with Asperger syndrome?
In children diagnosed with Asperger syndrome, sleep disturbances include:
- Disturbances of sleep continuity
- High prevalence over 50%
What factors contribute to individual vulnerability to sleep disruption?
Contributing factors include:
- Age
- Gender
- Genetic vulnerability
- Lifestyle
How does acute alcohol intake affect sleep?
Acute intake leads to:
- Decreased sleep latency
- Increased NREM sleep during initial night hours
- Disruption in the second half of the night
- REM sleep disorganization
How does psychosis relate to the continuum of psychotic experiences?
Psychotic experiences exist on a spectrum characterized by:
- Varying levels of severity
- Widespread occurrence in the general population
- No clear distinction between clinical and non-clinical cases
How does REM sleep in patients with depression differ from healthy individuals?
Patients show:
- Shortened REM sleep latency
- Increased total time in REM sleep
- Increased REM sleep density
What are some common types of anxiety disorders?
Common anxiety disorder subcategories include:
- Agoraphobia
- Panic disorder
- Social phobia
- Specific phobias
- Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
- Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
How does the circadian clock influence sleep and eating behaviors?
The circadian clock affects:
- Sleep patterns
- Food intake
- Links circadian rhythm with eating disorders
How can treatment of sleep disorders affect comorbid mental disorders?
Treatment often:
- Ameliorates symptoms of comorbid mental disorders
- Provides opportunities for individualized therapies
- Targets specific sleep traits
What are common sleep disturbances in patients with alcohol-use disorders?
Prevalence rates include:
- Insomnia in over 50%
- Increased sleep-disordered breathing
- Higher rates of PLMS
- Presence of parasomnia
Why is sleep assessment frequently overlooked in clinical settings for psychosis?
Clinicians often miss sleep assessments due to:
- Complexity of symptoms presented
- Only 20% routinely carry out sleep assessments
- Reliance on informal questioning rather than validated assessments
What is the relationship between sleep traits and the genetic risk for affective disorders?
Genetic correlations include:
- Major depression and insomnia (rg 0.59)
- Bipolar disorder with longer sleep duration (rg 0.2)
- Unipolar disorder correlates with short sleep (rg -0.28)
How does fear conditioning relate to anxiety disorders?
Fear conditioning is a model where:
- An arbitrary stimulus becomes associated with fear.
- It reflects symptoms seen in anxiety disorders.
What role does sleep play in the recovery from borderline personality disorder?
Sleep disturbances impact recovery by:
- Non-recovered patients show worse sleep quality
- Higher maladaptive sleep-related cognitions
What is the role of chronotype in individual sleep patterns?
Chronotype influences:
- Optimal timing of sleep
- Individual's activity levels
- Subjective well-being
How does insomnia affect alcohol-use disorder patients?
Comorbid insomnia leads to:
- Severe psychosocial/workplace conflicts
- Higher prevalence of mental disorders
- Increased suicidal ideation risk
- Persistence of sleep issues correlates with relapse
What should be increased in psychiatric services related to sleep disruption?
There is a need to improve:
- Awareness of sleep disruption and its implications
- Training opportunities for clinicians
- Capacity to conduct thorough sleep assessments
What findings were reported regarding sleep architecture in borderline personality disorder?
Sleep architecture findings include:
- Increased sleep onset latency
- Reduced total sleep time
- Reduced sleep efficiency and altered REM latency
What are the effects of mistimed light on circadian rhythm?
Effects include:
- Disruption of the circadian processes
- Desynchronization of biological rhythms
- Negative impact on mood regulation
What are the effects of cannabis on sleep?
Effects of THC on sleep include:
- Decreased sleep latency (acute use)
- Possible increased latency at high doses
- Daytime sleepiness due to slow elimination
- Withdrawal symptoms like anxiety and insomnia
How does shift work impact mental health?
Shift work is linked to:
- Increased risk of depression
- Issues with performance
- Fatigue and poor sleep quality
What is the prevalence of opioid use in the European population?
Estimates indicate:
- 0.4% high-risk opioid use among adults
- 15.5 million globally dependent on opioids
- Heroin remains the most common opioid
What are the psychological symptoms associated with jet lag?
Psychological symptoms include:
- Dysphoric mood
- Elevated anxiety
- Transient sleep problems
How significant is the relationship between sleep traits and mental disorders?
The relationship is characterized by:
- Mutual influence on brain functions
- Variability according to environmental influences
- Complexity in the interplay between mental processes
What is the effect of travel across time zones on circadian rhythms?
Travel affects:
- Adaptation to new photic rhythms
- Sleep problems and daytime fatigue
- Potential mood episodes in mood disorders
How does the timing of sleep relate to health outcomes?
Timing of sleep links to:
- Decreased well-being
- Shorter lifespan
- Increased incidence of mental disorders
What interventions have shown promise for insomnia treatment?
Promising interventions include:
- Digital cognitive behavioral therapy
- Online sleep education
- Personalized treatment protocols
What biological factors affect individual responses to sleep loss?
Biological factors that affect responses include:
- Genetics
- Age
- Diurnal preference
- Baseline mood
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