Presentaties ISMC - Neurobiology
36 important questions on Presentaties ISMC - Neurobiology
What methods are used to measure sleep?
- EEG Cap: Records electrical activity in the brain.
- Electrode Placement: Uses specific points like Nasion, C4, Pz.
- Headgear: Mesh or conductive caps for electrode contact.
- Subject Preparation: Cleaning, applying gel for conductivity.
- Monitoring Setup: Connects to devices for real-time data.
What is the role of the glymphatic system during slow-wave sleep?
- Facilitates brain “cleaning.”
- Relies on para-arterial CSF influx.
- Involves astrocyte vascular endfeet and AQP4.
- Supports convective flow of ISF.
- Enables waste removal via para-venous efflux.
What happens after a longer period of wakefulness according to the sleep model?
- Longer wakefulness increases subsequent sleep intensity and duration.
- Results in increased Slow-Wave Activity (SWA).
- Total Sleep Time (TST) also increases.
- Additional sleep pressure occurs after extended wake periods.
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What characterizes the REM stage in sleep-wake regulation according to the EEG readings?
- Stage: REM
- EEG Pattern: 'Awake' EEG
- Characteristics:
- - Visible eye movements (EOG)
- - Low amplitude EEG signals
- - Fp2-C4, C4-O2, T4-Cz, Cz-T3 channels recorded
- - Scale: 100 μV, 1 sec
What structures are involved in the biological clock according to the diagram?
- Nucleus paraventricularis: Part of the hypothalamus.
- Nucleus suprachiasmaticus (SCN): Main circadian rhythm regulator.
- Hypothalamus: Controls various bodily functions.
- Retina: Sends light signals.
- Visuele cortex: Involved in visual processing.
- Epifyse: Also known as the pineal gland.
- Kleine hersenen: Typically refers to the cerebellum.
- Ganglion cervicale superior: Part of the autonomic nervous system.
Who is associated with the presentation on Sleep: Neuroanatomy/Neurochemistry?
- Ysbrand D. Van Der Werf is connected with this presentation.
- Affiliated with Dept Anatomy & Neurosciences.
- Works at Amsterdam UMC.
- Based in Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Includes artworks by Edmund Dulac and Francisco de Goya.
What are the key stages of sleep according to sleep-wake regulation?
- Stages: 1, 2, 3, and 4 (NREM)
- REM Sleep: Alternates with NREM
- Cycle Duration: 90-120 minutes
- Stage 1: Light sleep
- Stage 2: Stable sleep
- Stage 3/4: Deep sleep
- EEG Patterns: Vary by stage
What characterizes Stage IV of sleep in terms of brain wave activity?
- Stage IV sleep features slow delta activity.
- Delta waves constitute more than 50% of the activity.
- This stage is characterized by deep sleep.
- Monitoring is done through electrodes positioned at Fp2-C4, C4-O2, T4-Cz, and Cz-T3.
How does sleep duration change with age according to the chart?
- Infancy: Highest total sleep.
- Newborn: Around 16-20 hours.
- Childhood to adulthood: Gradual decrease.
- Old age: Approximately 6-8 hours.
- REM and nonREM cycles: REM decreases with age.
What is indicated by the EEG data in the sleep-wake regulation chart?
- Stage III sleep is shown.
- Slow delta activity is present.
- Delta activity ranges from 20-50%.
- EEG leads include EOG, Fp2-C4, C4-O2, T4-Cz, and Cz-T3.
What does the chart suggest about sleep duration and its relationship with mortality for men and women?
- Low Mortality: Around 7-8 hours sleep.
- Increased Mortality: Less than 6 or more than 9 hours.
- Gender Difference: Mortality curve slightly higher for women than men with similar sleep duration.
What features are present in a brain wave chart of Stage II sleep?
- Stage II Sleep:
- - K-complex: Sudden, sharp wave.
- - Sleep spindle: Bursts of oscillatory brain activity.
- - Channels: EOG, Fp2-C4, C4-O2, T4-Cz, Cz-T3.
- - Amplitude: Approximately 100 μV.
What does Stage 1 of sleep involve according to EEG readings?
- Stage 1 Sleep:
- - Rolling eye movements
- - EEG Slowing
- - Channels involved: EOG, Fp2-C4, C4-O2, T4-Cz, Cz-T3
- - Is the onset of sleep
What are the key features observed in the sleep-wake regulation EEG recording?
- Wakefulness is assessed.
- EOG (Electrooculogram) tracks eye movements.
- Fp2-C4, C4-O2, T4-Cz, Cz-T3 channels record brain activity.
- Presence of alpha rhythm indicates relaxed wakefulness.
- Scale: 100 µV vertical, 1 sec horizontal.
What does the hypnogram indicate about sleep patterns?
- Normal hypnogram features are shown.
- REM sleep occurs after >60 minutes.
- Deep sleep characterized by S3 and S4 stages in the first half.
- Superficial sleep in stages S1 and S2 dominates the second half.
How does slow wave activity (SWA) differ among varying durations of sleep deprivation?
- 6-hour SDD: SWA peaks around 200%.
- 12-hour SD: Peaks near 250% and declines.
- 16-hour SD: Peaks slightly above 250%, decreases more slowly.
- Baseline: Remains stable around 100%.
What does the Borbély 1982 model depict regarding wake and sleep pressure?
- Borbély's model shows variations in sleep pressure (S) and circadian rhythm (C) over 24 hours.
- Sleep pressure increases during waking and decreases during sleep.
- Circadian rhythm follows a consistent daily pattern.
What are the learning objectives related to sleep and wakefulness?
- Comprehend the neurocircuitry and neurochemistry of wake.
- Grasp the mechanisms of transitioning to sleep.
- Recognize key features of the sleep EEG.
What are the key aspects of sleep mentioned in the overview?
- Phenotype: Observable traits and characteristics.
- Regulation: The control and management of sleep patterns.
- Neurochemistry: Chemical processes in the nervous system.
- Includes occasional diversions.
What is disclosed in the speaker's interests?
- No potential conflict of interest is disclosed.
- No relevant company relationships, including sponsorship, fees, shareholder status, or other connections, are reported.
- All fields are marked as "NA."
Who presented work on sleep neuroanatomy and neurochemistry at ISMC?
- Ysbrand D. Van Der Werf
- Dept of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC
- Location: Amsterdam, The Netherlands
How does the sleep-wake transition occur?
- It occurs through a reciprocal inhibitory interaction.
- Sleep involves multiple neural systems.
- Systems are located in the hypothalamus and brainstem.
What can REM sleep behavior disorder predict?
- REM sleep behavior disorder is an indicator of possible future neurodegeneration.
- It involves acting out dreams during REM sleep.
- May serve as an early warning for conditions like Parkinson's disease.
What is the basis for NREM and REM sleep?
- Both depend on unique neurochemical interactions.
- Involve various neurotransmitter systems and circuits.
What are the characteristics of cortical activity during different sleep stages?
- Wake:
- - Membrane Potential: ↑ -60 mV
- - Spiking Activity: High
- - EEG: Active
- Early NREM:
- - Membrane Potential: Oscillates
- - Spiking Activity: Reduced
- - EEG: Slow waves
- Late NREM: N.A.
- REM Sleep:
- - Membrane Potential: Similar to Wake
- - Spiking Activity: ↑
- - EEG: Low amplitude
What neurotransmitters are involved in activating phasic eye movements during REM sleep?
- ACh (Acetylcholine) and 5-HT (Serotonin) activate phasic eye movements.
- These neurotransmitters act in the REM-on cells area.
- Sub-latero dorsal Nucleus (SLD) plays a role in this activation.
How do neuromodulator activities vary in different sleep stages?
- Wake:
- - Acetylcholine, Norepinephrine, Serotonin, Histamine: ↑
- Early NREM:
- - All decrease
- Late NREM:
- - Acetylcholine: ↓
- - Others: ↓
- REM Sleep:
- - Acetylcholine: ↑
- - Norepinephrine, Serotonin, Histamine: ↓
What brain structures and neurotransmitters are involved in NonREM sleep?
- NonREM-on cells activate in NonREM sleep.
- GABA is involved and inhibits other processes.
- Histamine and ACh (Acetylcholine) pathways are linked to the thalamus and limbic forebrain structures.
- Medullary reticular formation and nucleus solitarius play roles.
What role does Glycine play in muscle activity during REM sleep?
- Glycine inhibits tonic muscle activity.
- This process occurs via the pontine reticular formation.
- Glycine is involved in activating phasic muscle activity as well.
Explain the EEG, EOG, and EMG patterns during sleep stages.
- Wake:
- - EEG: Active
- - EOG: Active
- - EMG: Tense
- Early NREM:
- - EEG: Slow waves
- - EOG: Reduced
- - EMG: Relaxed
- Late NREM: N.A.
- REM Sleep:
- - EEG: Low amplitude
- - EOG: Burst of movements
- - EMG: Paralyzed
What are the key characteristics of narcolepsy?
- Disorder affects hypocretin/orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus
- Causes disordered wake and sleep patterns
- Symptoms include cataplexy
- Often accompanied by hallucinations
Which nucleus is highlighted in relation to REM sleep, and what is its function?
- Sub-latero dorsal Nucleus (SLD) is highlighted.
- It is involved in the activation of REM-on cells.
- Plays a role in both eye movements and muscle activity during REM sleep.
What does the diagram of mutual inhibition illustrate about the Sleep/Wake switch?
- Mutual Inhibition: Balances wake and sleep induction.
- Wake-Induction:
- - LHA (Lateral Hypothalamic Area) activates
- - TMN (Tuberomammillary Nucleus)
- - LC (Locus Coeruleus)
- - SN (Substantia Nigra)
- - DR (Dorsal Raphe)
- - LDT/PPT (Lateral Dorsal/Pedunculopontine Tegmentum)
- Sleep-Induction:
- - VLPO/MnPO inhibits wake regions.
What is the function of GABA in the REM sleep diagram?
- GABA is shown to be involved in the interaction with Glutamate.
- This interaction occurs in REM-on cells.
- GABA's role includes helping modulate neurotransmitter activity during REM.
What role does the Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS) play in wake-induction?
- Various nuclei project excitatory neurotransmitters from midbrain to forebrain, affecting the neocortex.
- Key nuclei include:
- - Tubermammillary Nucleus (TMN): Histamine (HA)
- - Substantia Nigra (SN)/Ventral Tegmental area (VTA): Dopamine (DA)
- - Laterodorsal tegmental (LDT)/Pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei (PPT): Acetylcholine (ACh)
- - Locus Coeruleus (LC): Norepinephrine (NE)
- - Raphe nuclei: Serotonin (5-HT)
- - Lateral Hypothalamic Area (LHA): Orexin (ORX)/Hypocretin (HCRT)
What is notable about the sleep-wake switch transitions?
- Transitions in the sleep-wake switch are characterized by their abruptness.
- The change from sleep to wakefulness or vice versa can occur quickly.
- This rapid transition highlights an effective biological switch mechanism.
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