Read the summary and the most important questions on The United Nations, Part 2

• 6 The United Nations, Part 2

• 6.1 Specialized Agencies

• How many specialized agencies does the UN have?

  Within the UN system, there are 15 specialized agencies, all coordinated by ECOSOC.

• What are two factors about these specialized agencies of the UN?

  ➔  These specialized agencies are independent IGOs created outside of or by the UN organs with their founding treaty and procedures (e.g. World Bank, IMF, WHO, UNESCO, ILO, etc..).
  ➔  They are specialized based on a functional focus (e.g.food,labour,agriculture,intellectual property, etc..).

• How are these specialized agencies being financed?

  ➔  They are financed by member-states and have their own funding rules. They can be financed either through:
  ◆ Assessed contributions -> Where member-states agree on “fixed” contribution rates. 
  ◆ Voluntary contributions -> Can be done any time, whenever member-states want to.

• 6.2 UN Funds and Programs

• To who report the UN funds and programs?

  The UN funds and programs (e.g. UNFPA, UNDP, UNICEF and UNHCR) stand under the UNGA or ECOSOC, where they have to report and respond to. They are fully funded by voluntary contributions, relying on the willingness of member-states.

• 6.3 UN Funds, Programmes, Agencies: Funding

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• How are the funds & programs financed through?

  ➔ UN Funds and Programs are mainly financed through volunteer-based funding that consists of:
  ◆  Core-Funding: Money donated with “no strings attached”(i.e.the organization can spend it how they want to).
  ◆  Ear-MarkedFunding: The money is attached to certain conditions based on the donating member-states will (i.e. specific regions, issues, crises, member-state interests, etc..). This can pose some problems for UN funds and programs, as they cannot decide where to invest money; they also mostly receive ear-marked funding.

• How has the way of financing changed through the years?

  Over the years, core funding has remained at the same level, while ear-marked funding has increased, meaning that these UN funds and programs lose flexibility in deciding where to invest money, with a tendency to mostly spend ear-marked funding first before core-funding.

• 6.4 Forced Migration: Regime of Governance

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• What is voluntary migration?

  When people decide to leave their country or environment. They do not have the same legal rights as refugees from forced migration.

• What happened after 1951 ICRSR?

  ●  1967 Protocol: Global Applicability
  ➔ Expanded to deal with refugees worldwide.
  ●  2018 Global Compact on Refugees (UNGA)
  ➔ Completed following the aftermath of the 2014 refugee crisis. ➔ Done to:
  
  ◆  Ease pressure on host countries.
  ◆  Allow and support refugees, granting them more rights and creating “active” participation within society.
  ◆  Try and find a compromise by expanding settlement options in other
  countries and attempting to make the refugees’ “ original” environment more liveable.
  ➔ Thefirstreportwillbemadeavailableattheendof2021.
  ● HOWEVER, these are all voluntary conventions and so are NOT legally binding.

• 6.5 Forced Migration: UNHCR and IOM

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• What is the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)?

  A UN program since 1951 that reports to the UNGA. Its predecessors include the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) in 1944 and the International Refugee Organization (IRO) in 1947. They receive their mandate from the Executive Committee of 79 member-states elected by ECOSOC. They are an a-political organization that tries not to take any sides in conflicts, with the primary goal of refugee assistance (physical and legal support).

• What are activities that the UNHCR provide?

  ◆ Registration
  ◆ Emergency Support and Airlifts 
  ◆ Shelter
  ◆ Cash assistance
  ◆ Resettlement
  ◆ Education
  ◆ Support for Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)