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• 1 THE ORIGINS OF THE EU AND THE EU INSTITUTIONS

• 1.1.2 nationalism and the origins of the EU

• What was the reason for the formation of the United Nations in 1945?

  It was to reduce the possibility of another conflict like WWII.

• 1.1.3 from ESC to EEC

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• Why did France want to share coal and steel resources with Germany?

  It had economic reasons but it was in a large part political. Coal and steel were the most important materials for waging war. By sharing resources, France could keep an eye on Germany. This led to the ECSC.

• 1.1.4 from EEC to Single European Act

• What were the important developments before SEA?

  • Community gained new member states. 
    
  • There was tension between intergovernmental view (France) and supranational view (president of Community) on the Community. 
  • European Council wasn't in framework until SEA.

• What changes dit the Single European Act (SEA) make (1986)?

  SEA came into effect in 1987. It made a number of institutional changes:
  
  

  • Gave legal basis to European Political Cooperation and formal recognition to European Council.
  • Court of First Instance created to assist CoJ.
  • Comitology procedure enabled Council to delegate powers to the Commission. 
  • SEA started transformation in role of EP. Commission now had to take seriously the views of EP in areas where cooperation procedure applied.

• 1.1.5 From Sea to Nice treaty

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• What happend with the Treaty Of Maastricht?

  The adoption of the Treaty on European Union (TEU) was signed. This introduced the 'three-pillar' structure.
  

  • Pillar I: Community Pillar
  • Pillar II: The Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP); member states needed to inform and consult eachother on matter of common foreign and security policy of general interest. This was intergovernmental
  • Pillar III: The Justice and Home Affairs (JHA); originally governed policies like asylum and immigration. This was intergovernmental. 

• What happend with the Amsterdam Treaty (1997)?

  This was a modest reform. It also declared that the EU should respect fundamental rights. Main changes:
  
  

  • New numbering of Treaty Articles.
  • Pillar III renamed 'Police and Judicial Cooperation in Criminal Matters'. Also changes pillar's contend into more criminal matters. 
  • Preparations were made for enlargement of the Community. 

• What happend with the Treaty of Nice (2000)?

  • This aimed at further enlargement of the EU. 
  • Made changes to the EC Treaty relating to institutional changes like distribution of seats in EP.

• 1.1.6 From Nice to Lisbon

• What was the Laeken declaration (2001)?

  This committed the Union to become more democratic, transparent and effective. Was used to draw up the Charter of Rights.

• What was the Constitutional Treaty (2003)?

  This was an idea to draft a 'Constitution for Europe'. It didn't go through because France and the Netherlands held a referenda in their country and it got rejected. The constitution never became law. However a great majority was taken over in the Lisbon Treaty.

• What was the Lisbon Treaty (2009)?

  This was the end of the 'Three-pillar structure'. EU replaced the EC.
  Treaty had seven articles:
  
  

  • art. 1 amended TEU, contained principles that govern the EU and revised provisions concerning CFSP and enhanced cooperation.
  • art. 2 amended EC treaty, which was renamed 'Treaty of the Functioning of the European Union'. 

  
  Therefore the EU is found on the TEU and TFEU.