Crises and Consolidations - Kings and Princes, Knights and Citizens - Concentrated Power in the hands of Monarchs and Princes
11 important questions on Crises and Consolidations - Kings and Princes, Knights and Citizens - Concentrated Power in the hands of Monarchs and Princes
How did the Hundred Years War destroy France?
- Armies destroyed cities and harried the countryside breaking the morale of the population.
- Even when not officially at war, bands of soldiers roved the country side, living off the gains of pillage.
How did France recover from the Hundred Years War?
- Soon after 1453, France began a long and steady recovery. Merchants invested in commerce, peasants tilled the soil, and the king exercised more power than ever before.
- As one arm of his new authority, he created a professional standing army, trained, billeted, and supplied with weapons, including "fiery" (gunpowder) artillery.
What happened in the duchy of Burgundy after the war?
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What did the Hundred Years' War bring about in England?
- In England, the Hundred Years' War brought about a similar political transformation. The progeny of Edward III formed two rival camps, the families of York and Lancaster.
- A series of dynastic wars - later dubbed the "Wars of the Roses" after the white rose badge of the Yorkists and the red of the Lancastrians - was fought from 1455 to 1487.
- In 1485, Lancastrian Henry VII was crowned king; two years later he defeated the last rival claimant to the throne, ushering in the Tudor dynasty, the most powerful England had yet known.
Who are the new monarchs of Spain? What actions did they take?
- New were the monarchs of Spain, Ferdinand (r.1479-1516) and Isabella (r.1474-1504).
- They united Aragon and Castile with their marriage and made militant Catholicism an instrument of royal sovereignty.
Who are the conversos? What did Ferdinand do about them?
- In 1478, Ferdinand established an inquisition to look into the faith of the conversos - descendants of Jews who had converted when, in 1391, a wave of anti-Jewish rioting left them little choice but between death and apostasy.
- In 1492, the monarchs gave the small number of remaining Jews the choice of conversion or expulsion.
- But the work of the Spanish Inquisition continued against the newly converted as well as the heirs of the old, executing those deemed insufficiently "Christian" and confiscating their lands for the crown.
What did the Spanish monarchs do in 1492?
What did Christopher Columbus do?
- The explorer took with him a converted Jew who spoke Arabic, presumed to be the language of the peoples he would meet on the way, in order to forward the religious ambitions of the Spanish king and queen.
- He tried to discover a western route to China.
What did the monarchs do about the pope?
How did the Spanish monarchs increase their power?
What did Machiavelli think about virtue?
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