Summary: A Short History Of The Middle Ages, Sixth Edition | 9781487541019 | Barbara H Rosenwein

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Read the summary and the most important questions on A Short History of the Middle Ages, Sixth Edition | 9781487541019 | Barbara H. Rosenwein

  • 1 Prelude: The Roman World Transformed (300-600)

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  • Was the Roman Empire "European"?

    Most of the Roman Empire was situated outside of the boundaries of modern Europe. It included North Africa, Asia Minor, and large parts of the Middle East. Correspondingly, much of modern Europe was never a part of the Roman Empire.
  • Romulus Augustulus, the last Roman emperor in the West (475-476), was deposed but not killed. Why?

    The imperial office in the West had largely lost its power and meaning. The power was in the hands of military commanders. For Odoacer, it was sufficient to send the imperial insignia to Constantinople and to make himself king of Italy. Romulus Augustulus did not threaten his power and could therefore simply be sent into retirement.
  • What is the difference between the Roman term "barbarian" and the modern meaning of "barbarian"?

    In the Roman world “barbarians” were “the others,” those who did not speak Latin or Greek. While the term implied cultural inferiority, it did not imply that barbarians were cruel, violent, or savage people as it does today.
  • What were the major milestones in the spread of Christian religion in the fourth century?

    In 313, the Christian religion received official recognition in the so-called Edict of Milan, which legalized all the religions in the Empire. Christians profited most from the Edict because they also regained their property. In 325 Emperor Constantine presided over the Council of Nicaea, the first ecumenical (universal) Church council. That council determined the major doctrines of Christianity. At the end of the century, under Emperor Theodosius I, the Nicaean form of Christianity became the official religion of the Empire, and other public and private cults were outlawed.
  • Why did a local Jewish sect become an Empire-wide religion?

    Under the impetus of Saint Paul (d.c.67) Christianity was preached to non-Jews throughout the Empire and beyond.
  • What were the core ideas of early Christianity?

    Christianity was and is a monotheistic religion (that is, it had and has one God). God saves humankind and awards people eternal life in heaven or condemns them to eternal damnation. Although an outgrowth of Judaism, Christianity alone accepted Jesus as the Son of God, the Messiah, and the savior of humanity.
  • Why was it advantageous for Clovis to convert to the Catholic brand of Christianity?

    It was advantageous because in this way there was no religious rift between the Roman population of Gaul and the Frankish settlers and their king. The conversion eased the assimilation of Romans and barbarians in Gaul.
  • 2 The Emergence of Sibling Cultures (600-750)

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  • Why was the seventh century a turning point in Byzantine history?

    In the seventh century, the Byzantine Empire faced an onslaught of outsiders: Sasanid Persians, Slavs, Avars, Bulgars, and Arab Muslims. By 700, Byzantium had lost all its rich territories in North Africa, Spain, and in the Balkan peninsula. It held on tenuously to bits and pieces of Italy and Greece. But in the main it had become a medium-sized state, in the same location but about two-thirds the size of Turkey today.
  • What did the ancient Persian kings Darius and Xerxes do that inspired Sasanid King Chosroes II?

    The empire of Darius and Xerxes extended from Libya to the Indus River. King Chosroes (r.590–628) dreamed of recreating those past glories. He tried to conquer the Byzantine Empire, but after some initial success, he was pushed back, and by 630 (a bit after his time), all territories taken by the Persians were back in Byzantine hands.
  • How was the rise of Islam and ensuing Arab conquests connected to the wars between the Persians and the Byzantines?

    The long war between Byzantium and the Sasanid kings weakened both armies, exhausted their revenues, and left the cities reconquered by the Byzantine Empire destroyed. Both empires could offer little resistance to the Arab expansion, which was inspired by the Islamic notion of jihad (striving [on behalf of God]).
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