ABG mid term
37 important questions on ABG mid term
What does the inbreeding coefficient \(F\) represent?
- Probability of inheriting two copies of the same allele
- Alleles come from a single common ancestor
Define IBD and IBS in genetics.
- IBD: Identical by descent
- IBS: Identical by state, origin not considered
What makes animals in the same litter more similar?
- Shared environment
- Proportion of total phenotypic variance
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What is inbreeding depression and when is it largest?
- Causes decreased performance
- Largest for traits related to fitness
What represents the genetic effects inherited by offspring?
- Genetic effects:
- - A: Breeding values
- - D, I
How does genetic drift affect future generations?
- Random change of allele frequency
- Causes inbreeding in later generations
What does a steeper slope in heritability estimation indicate?
- Steeper slope:
- - Higher \( h^2 \)
What does covariance measure?
- How two traits vary together
- Indicates how one can predict the other
What is the formula to estimate A using regression when BV is unknown?
What is the formula for profit?
What does low \( h^2 \) indicate?
- Indicates most variation is due to environmental effects
- Reduced genetic influence
What is the upper boundary for heritability?
- Repeatability provides the upper boundary
- Heritability cannot exceed repeatability
How is economic value related to profit?
What does a negative economic value indicate?
How does reducing error affect \( h^2 \)?
- Reduced error leads to an increase in \( h^2 \)
- More accurate heritability
What is the correlation coefficient?
- Measures accuracy of two random variables
- Always symmetrical
What does reproducibility measure?
What is the effect of increasing genetic variation?
- Results in higher \( h^2 \)
- Greater heritability
What is the formula involving economic and breeding values?
What is a genetic marker?
What is downward correlation for a straight line?
- \( r = -1 \)
- Indicates a downward slope
What does an \(h^2\) value of 0.3 indicate?
- 30% of variation in phenotypes
- Due to additive genetic differences between animals.
How are economic values derived from profit?
What is genetic improvement associated with?
- Artificial selection
- Human influences
What is the basic genetic model for phenotype?
- Phenotype: \( G + E + \mu \)
- \( \mu \): Population mean
What is upward correlation for a straight line?
- \( r = +1 \)
- Indicates an upward slope
What is another term for the breeding goal expressed in economic values?
What should breeding goals focus on?
What is not an allele?
Why are genotype and environment covariance assumed to be zero?
What defines a breeding goal?
- Combination of specific traits
- Direction of change desired
What do settest notes indicate?
- Proportion of variance explained by correlated variable
- Represented by \( r^2 \)
What are the components of genetic variance often ignored?
- \( I \): Interaction of genes
- \( D \): Dominance effects per gene
What is a binomial trait?
What does breeding value measure?
- Genetic merit
- Performance of offspring
What equals true breeding value?
How is economic value calculated in breeding?
- Change in profit with one unit
- Marginal revenues minus marginal costs
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