Read the summary and the most important questions on Abnormal Psychology 8e | 9781260547900 | NOLEN-HOEKSEMA

• 1 looking at abnormality

• What is referred to when speaking of psychopathology?

  The study of people who suffer mental, emotional and often physical pain

• 1.1 defining abnormality

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• What is one of the reasons there are no biological tests available for mental illnesses?

  Mental disorders are not just one 'disease', but rather a collection of problems and symptoms that can vary per person

• What is meant by cultural relativism?

  There are no universal standards for labeling behavior as abnormal, you can only do this relative to cultural norms
  

  • con: labeling certain groups can happen to control or silence them (holocaust) 

• What are the 4 D's of abnormality?

  1. Dysfunction: interfering with daily functioning
     
  2. Distress: both the person and the people around them
  3. Deviance: hearing voices when alone
  4. Dangerousness: agression and/or harm

• 1.2 historical perspectives on abnormality

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• What is a trephination?

  A procedure where holes are drilled into the skull of someone that behaves abnormally to allow spirits to leave

• Which 4 categories did Hippocrates classify for abnormal behavior?

  1. Epilepsy
     
  2. mania
  3. melancholia
  4. brain fever

• What are psychic epidemics?

  Phenomenons in which large numbers of people engage in unusual behaviors that appear to have a psychological origin
  

  • dance frenzies or mania expample
  • tarantism example

• 1.3 the emergence of modern perspectives

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• What is the difference between psychoanalysis and behaviorism?

  Psychoanalysis mainly focusses on unconscious processes, where behaviorism aims to understand behavior through stimuli and responses (classical conditioning pavlov)

• 2 theories and treatment of abnormality

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• 2.1 biological approaches

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• Which 3 causes are named for abnormality following the biological approach and can all influence eachother?

  1. Brain disfunction
     
  2. biochemical imbalances
  3. genetic abnormalities

• Which 4 neurotransmitters are mentioned in the book?

  1. Serotonin: emotional wellbeing and dysfunctional behaviors
     
  2. dopamine: reinforcements or rewards, affected by substances (addiction) and muscle systems
  3. norepinephrine/noradrenaline: stimulating effects because of delay in reuptake and depression
  4. GABA: inhibits action of other transmitters, anxiety symtoms