Read the summary and the most important questions on ADMET

• 1 Lecture 1

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• What are the routes of drug administration?

  Oral, intravenous (IV), subcutaneous (SC), transdermal, topical, intramuscular (IM), epidural, suppository, intranasal, buccal, sublingual and intraperitoneal (IP).

• What is the deference between topical and systemic administration?

  Topical administration is local and systemic administration is circulatory exposure.

• What are examples of primarily local effects?

  • Topical to skin
    
  • ocular and otic
  • vaginal
  • respiratory and nasal

• What are examples of systemic absorption?

  • Enteral route (GIT)
    
  • oral
  • rectal
  • sublingual and buccal
  • parenteral route (NOT GIT)
  • transdermal
  • respiratory and nasal

• What can be told about subcutaneous route of administration?

  Subcutaneous administration is an injection under the skin into the adipose layer beneath the dermis. Drug absorption mainly takes place via passive diffusion. Usually arm, thigh and abdomen are used. Absorption is slower than intramuscular administration and small volumes of maximal 2 mL can be injected.

• What is the difference between parenteral and enteral routes of administration?

  Parenteral routes of administration involves the bloodstream avoiding the GIT and enteral routes use the GIT for uptake in the bloodstream.

• What can be said about intravenous routes of administration?

  Intravenous injection delivers the drugs rapidly causing a fast therapeutic effect and 100% bioavailability. A disadvantage is that highly perfused organs are subjected to a high concentration in a short time. Intravenous injection can only be used for drugs that are aqueous soluble.

• What can be said about intramuscular routes of administration?

  Intramuscular routes of administration have a delay in therapeutic effect. In the upper arm 2 mL can be injected and in the gluteus muscle 7-8 mL can be injected. The gluteus muscle has slower absorption due to the adipose tissue. Differences in absorption can be caused by adipose people and elderly and the differences in blood supply of different muscles.

• On what depends absorption in the GIT?

  Absorption depends on the physiological state of the GIT and the physicochemical properties of the drug.

• Which physiological processes involve the GIT?

  Secretion, digestion and absorption.