Read the summary and the most important questions on Adolescence: Chances and risks

• 1 week 1

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• Myth: adolescence is a distinct stage of development

  Adolescence  is a period of transition wherein a person’s biological, psychological and social characteristics go from childlike to adult-like, rather gradually 

• Myth: adolescence is a period of universal storm and stress

  About 20-25% of adolescents report significant behavior problems, and of these, 80% also experienced problems in childhood (so less than 10% of children develop problematic behavior during adolescence

• Myth: adolescence is when ‘new’ hormones develop 

  - Hormonal levels increase during adolescence, but these are already present during infancy
  - Until 8 weeks after gestation, all brains are ‘feminine’, increases in testosterone levels around 8 weeks ‘masculinize’ the brain of males 

• Myth: adolescence is when relationships with parents become less important 

  Friends/partners become increasingly important during adolescence, but that doesn’t mean that the relation with parents becomes less important (they only change)

• Which certain brain chemicals triggers puberty

  - KISSPEPTIN 
  - leptin 
  - melatonin

• What is meant with peak height velocity

  point at when the adolescent is growing most rapidly 

• What are the different theories of risk taking in adolescence

  - Dual system model: the underdeveloped prefrontal cortex (role in self-control) can’t keep up with the reward-seeking limbic system, which leads to more risky behavior
  
  
  - Steinberg: when exposed to a situation in which one has to choose the more or less risky behavior, adolescents don’t take any more chances than adults do, unless they are in the presence of other adolescents
  
  
  - Other perspective (Crone & Dahl): prefrontal cortex does not develop linear but is flexible, motivation plays a role 

• 1.1 introductie

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• Which age is late adolescence

  18 - 21 years

• What are the social fundamental changes of adolescence

  Transition into new role in society

• What is the biological change of adolescence

  Onset puberty