Summary: Anatomy And Physiology

Read the summary and the most important questions on Anatomy and Physiology

• 1 Introduction to the Human Body

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• List the four levels of structural organisation in the body, mention in this chapter?

  Cellular Level
  Tissue Level
  Organ Level
  System Level

• What is the anatomical position

  The subject is standing errect. Head level, eyes facing forward
  Facing the observer
  Feet are flat on the floor legs parellel.
  The upper limbs are by the person's side with palms facing forward.

• 2 Cells

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• Can you name all the parts of the cells in this picture? Name 10 parts of the cell.

  Nucleus
  Plasma membrane
  Cytoplasm
  Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
  Golgi Complex
  Mitochondrion
  Smooth Endoplasmic  reticulum
  Lusosome
  Centrosome
  Ribosomes

• 3 Tissues

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• What is the science that deals with the study of tissues?

  Histology.

• What is connective tissue? Please give 5 examples.

  Its one of the most abundant and widely distributed in the body. In its various forms, connective tussue has a variety of functions. It binds together, supports, and strengthens other body tissue. Protects and insulates internal organs, compartmentalises structures such as skeletal muscles and serves as a major transport system within the body.
  
  And 5 examples of which are:
  

  • Areolar tissue (found between muscles and beneath the skin)
  • Adipose tissue (fat tissue)
  • Dense regular connective tissue (tendons and ligaments)
  • Bone tissue (osseous tissue)
  • Blood tissue (liquid connective tissue)

• What is muscular tissue?

  It consists of elongated cells called fibres or myocytes (type of cell) that can use ATP to generate force. As a result, muscular tissue produces body movements, maintains posture and generates heat. It also provides protection. Based on location and certain structural and functional features, muscular tissue is classified in three types, skeletal, cardiac and smooth.

• What is nervous tissue?

  Nervous tissue consists of only two principle types of cells: neurons and neuroglia. 
  
  Neurons or nerve cells are sensitive to various stimuli. They convert stimuli into electrical signals called nerve actions potentials (nerve impulses) and conduct these action potentials to other neurons, to muscle tissue or glands.
  
  Out of the four basic tissues we have looked at nervous tissue has the poorest capacity for renewal.

• 4 integumentary system

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• What is the speciality that studies the function of the integumentary system?

  Dermatology

• What is the epidermis composed of?

  Keratinised stratified squamous eptihelium.
  
  It contains four principle types of cells
  
  Keratinocytes
  Melanocytes
  Intraepidermal macrophages
  Tactile epithelial cells

• What is the hypodermis/ Subcutaneous?

  No part of the skin but just under the dermis.
  Hypo (under)
  Consists of areolar and adipose (fat tissue)
  Fibres that extend from dermis anchor skin to subcutaneous layer.
  
  Serves as storage depot for fat (adipose tissue)
  Contains large blood vessel that supply the skin,
  contains nerve ending called lamellated corpuscles that are sensitive to pressure.