Anotomy and physiology, Cell DNA,RNA and protein Unit

18 important questions on Anotomy and physiology, Cell DNA,RNA and protein Unit

What is the role of helicase in transcription?

  • Unzips the gene
  • Allows transcription to begin by separating DNA strands

What are the main organelles and their functions related to cell structure?

  • Cell Membrane
  • Nucleus, Nucleolus
  • Smooth & Rough ER
  • Golgi Apparatus
  • Lysosome, Mitochondria
  • Vesicles & Vacuoles
  • Ribosomes, Flagella & Cilia

How does complementary base pairing occur in transcription?

  • RNA polymerase facilitates
  • Pairs bases to form mRNA strand
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How do organelles relate to protein synthesis and intracellular digestion?

  • Organelles involved in:
    1. Protein synthesis
    2. Intracellular digestion

What processes are involved in mRNA formation?

  • RNA polymerase forms mRNA strand
  • Addition of cap and Poly A tail
  • Introns removed, exons left

What are the structural components of DNA?

  • Nucleotide parts
  • Complementary bases (AT2 + GC3)

What occurs during the initiation phase of translation?

  • mRNA joins ribosome subunits
  • 1st tRNA with amino acid binds

What happens during DNA replication?

  • Unzipping – Helicase
  • Complementary base pairing – DNA Polymerase
  • Formation of new DNA strands – DNA Polymerase

What happens during elongation in translation?

  • Additional tRNAs and amino acids delivered
  • Peptide bonds form between amino acids
  • tRNAs are released

How does DNA differ from RNA?

  • Sugar: Deoxyribose vs Ribose
  • Shape: Double helix vs single-stranded
  • Bases: ATCG vs AUCG
  • Location: Nucleus vs cytoplasm
  • Types: DNA vs mRNA, rRNA, tRNA

What signals termination in protein synthesis?

  • Elongation reaches stop codon (UAA, UAG, UGA)
  • mRNA and ribosome release polypeptide

What are types of DNA mutations?

  • Gene mutations: Addition, Deletion, Substitution
  • Chromosomal changes: Entire segments lost, added, reversed, duplicated, or translocated

Explain effects of mutations on genetic code.

  • Changes in genetic code
  • Affects amino acid translation

How do codons affect protein synthesis?

  • Codons in mRNA specify amino acids
  • Codon chart utilized in translation

What is released after polypeptide completes formation?

  • mRNA and ribosome subunits
  • Completed polypeptide

Describe the role of tRNA in translation.

  • Delivers amino acids
  • Binds to mRNA codons in ribosome

What components are processed during mRNA maturation?

  • Cap and Poly A tail added
  • Introns removed, exons spliced

Which codons signal the end of protein synthesis?

  • Stop codons: UAA, UAG, UGA

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