Anotomy and physiology, Cell DNA,RNA and protein Unit
18 important questions on Anotomy and physiology, Cell DNA,RNA and protein Unit
What is the role of helicase in transcription?
- Unzips the gene
- Allows transcription to begin by separating DNA strands
What are the main organelles and their functions related to cell structure?
- Cell Membrane
- Nucleus, Nucleolus
- Smooth & Rough ER
- Golgi Apparatus
- Lysosome, Mitochondria
- Vesicles & Vacuoles
- Ribosomes, Flagella & Cilia
How does complementary base pairing occur in transcription?
- RNA polymerase facilitates
- Pairs bases to form mRNA strand
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How do organelles relate to protein synthesis and intracellular digestion?
- Organelles involved in:
- Protein synthesis
- Intracellular digestion
What processes are involved in mRNA formation?
- RNA polymerase forms mRNA strand
- Addition of cap and Poly A tail
- Introns removed, exons left
What are the structural components of DNA?
- Nucleotide parts
- Complementary bases (AT2 + GC3)
What occurs during the initiation phase of translation?
- mRNA joins ribosome subunits
- 1st tRNA with amino acid binds
What happens during DNA replication?
- Unzipping – Helicase
- Complementary base pairing – DNA Polymerase
- Formation of new DNA strands – DNA Polymerase
What happens during elongation in translation?
- Additional tRNAs and amino acids delivered
- Peptide bonds form between amino acids
- tRNAs are released
How does DNA differ from RNA?
- Sugar: Deoxyribose vs Ribose
- Shape: Double helix vs single-stranded
- Bases: ATCG vs AUCG
- Location: Nucleus vs cytoplasm
- Types: DNA vs mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
What signals termination in protein synthesis?
- Elongation reaches stop codon (UAA, UAG, UGA)
- mRNA and ribosome release polypeptide
What are types of DNA mutations?
- Gene mutations: Addition, Deletion, Substitution
- Chromosomal changes: Entire segments lost, added, reversed, duplicated, or translocated
Explain effects of mutations on genetic code.
- Changes in genetic code
- Affects amino acid translation
How do codons affect protein synthesis?
- Codons in mRNA specify amino acids
- Codon chart utilized in translation
What is released after polypeptide completes formation?
- mRNA and ribosome subunits
- Completed polypeptide
Describe the role of tRNA in translation.
- Delivers amino acids
- Binds to mRNA codons in ribosome
What components are processed during mRNA maturation?
- Cap and Poly A tail added
- Introns removed, exons spliced
Which codons signal the end of protein synthesis?
- Stop codons: UAA, UAG, UGA
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